a) 4x^2 -12xy+9y^2 =(2x)^2 +2.2.3x .y +(3y)^2
=(2x-3y)^2
b) (x+y)^2 -2(x+y)+1=(x+y-1)^2
c) x^3+1-x^2-x=(x^3-x^2)-(x-1)=x^2(x-1)-(x-1)=(x-1)(x^2-1)=(x-1)^2(x+1)
d) (x+y)^3 -(x^3+y^3)=(x+y)^3-(x+y)(x^2-xy+y^2)=(x+y)[(x+y)^2-(x^2-xy+y^2)]
=(x+y)(x^2+2xy+y^2-x^2+xy-y^2)=3xy(x+y)