a, 4x2 - 4x - 3
=4x2-2x+6x-3
=2x(2x-1)+3(2x-1)
=(2x+3)(2x-1)
b, x3 - x2 - 4
= x3-x2+0x-4
= x3-2x2+x2-2x+2x-4
= (x3-2x2)+(x2-2x)+(2x-4)
= x2(x-2)+x(x-2)+2(x-2)
=(x-2)(x2+x+2)
c, 64x4+y4
=64x4+16x2y2+y4-16x2y2
= (8x2+y2)2-16x2y2
= (8x2+y2-4xy)(8x2+y2+4xy)