a ) ( a - b + c + d ) - ( a - b ) + ( c - d )
= a - b + c + d - a + b + c - d
= (a - a) + (b - b) + (c + c) + (d - d)
= 0 + 0 + 2c + 0
= 2c
b ) - ( a - b + c ) - ( a + b - c ) + ( - a + c )
= (-a) + b - c - a - b + c + (-a) + c
= [(-a) + (-a) + (-a)] + (b - b) + [(-c) + c + c]
= [(-a) . 3] + 0 + c
= [(-a) . 3] + c
a-b+c+d-a+b+c-d+=<a-a>-<b-b>+<c+c>+<d-d>=c.2