a) A = 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + ... + 22012
2A = 2 + 22 + 23 + 24 + ... + 22013
2A - A = (2 + 22 + 23 + 24 + ... + 22013) - (1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + ... + 22012)
A = 22013 - 1
b) A = 22013 - 1
A = 22012.2 - 1
A = (24)503.2 - 1
A = (...6)503.2 - 1
A = (...6).2 - 1
A = (...2) - 1
A = (...1)
c) A = 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + ... + 22012 (có 2013 số; 2013 chia hết cho 3)
A = (1 + 2 + 22) + (23 + 24 + 25) + ... + (22010 + 22011 + 22012)
A = 7 + 23.(1 + 2 + 22) + ... + 22010.(1 + 2 + 22)
A = 7 + 23.7 + ... + 22010.7
\(A=7.\left(1+2^3+...+7^{2010}\right)⋮7\left(đpcm\right)\)