1.
\(\dfrac{x^{a^2}}{x^{b^2}}=x^{16}\Leftrightarrow x^{a^2-b^2}=x^{16}\Rightarrow a^2-b^2=16\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(a-b\right)\left(a+b\right)=16\Rightarrow a-b=8\)
2.
\(a^{\dfrac{2}{3}}.a=a^{\dfrac{2}{3}+1}=a^{\dfrac{5}{3}}\Rightarrow x=\dfrac{5}{3}\)
\(\sqrt[3]{b\sqrt[]{b\sqrt[]{b}}}=\sqrt[3]{b\sqrt[4]{b^3}}=\sqrt[12]{b^4.b^3}=b^{\dfrac{7}{12}}\Rightarrow y=\dfrac{7}{12}\)
\(\Rightarrow6x+12y=17\)