a) x4 + 4y4 = (x4 + 4x4y4 + 4y4) - 4x4y4 = (x2 + 2y2) - (2xy)2 = (x2 - 2xy + 2y2)(x2 + 2xy + 2y2)
b) x4 + x2y2 + y4 = (x4 + 2x2y2 + y4) - x2y2 = (x2 + y2)2 - (xy)2 = (x2 - xy + y2)(x2 + xy + y2)
c) x8 + x4 + 1 = (x8 + 2x4 + 1) - x4 = (x4 + 1)2 - (x2)2 = (x4 + x2 + 1)(x4 - x2 + 1) = (x2 + x + 1)(x2 - x + 1)(x4 - x2 + 1)