Dễ dàng chứng minh bất đẳng thức phụ :

\(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\ge\dfrac{4}{a+b}\forall a;b>0\)và p - a; p - b; p - c > 0 theo bất đẳng thức trong tam giác.

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức phụ vừa chứng minh, ta có:

\(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}\ge\dfrac{4}{2p-a-b}=\dfrac{4}{c}\left(1\right)\)

\(\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\ge\dfrac{4}{2p-b-c}=\dfrac{4}{a}\left(2\right)\)

\(\dfrac{1}{p-c}+\dfrac{1}{p-a}\ge\dfrac{4}{2p-c-a}=\dfrac{4}{a}\left(3\right)\)

Cộng (1); (2); (3) theo vế, ta có:

\(2\left(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\right)\ge4\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)

\(\RightarrowĐPCM\)

Ta CM BĐT sau :

\(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\ge\dfrac{4}{x+y}\)

Thật vậy ; ta có :

\(\left(x-y\right)^2\ge0\\ \Rightarrow x^2-2xy+y^2\ge0\\ \Rightarrow x^2+y^2\ge2xy\\ \Rightarrow\left(x+y\right)^2\ge4xy\\ \Rightarrow\dfrac{x+y}{xy}\ge\dfrac{4}{x+y}\\ \Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\ge\dfrac{4}{x+y}\left(đpcm\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}\ge\dfrac{4}{2p-\left(a+b\right)}=\dfrac{4}{c}\\ \dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\ge\dfrac{4}{a}\\ \dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\ge\dfrac{4}{b}\\ \Rightarrow2\left(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\right)\ge\dfrac{4}{a}+\dfrac{4}{b}+\dfrac{4}{c}\\ \Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\ge2\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\left(đpcm\right)\)

Đề APMO 1998

Áp dụng bđt Cauchy-Schwarz:

\(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}\ge\dfrac{\left(1+1\right)^2}{2p-a-b}=\dfrac{4}{c}\)

\(\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\ge\dfrac{\left(1+1\right)^2}{2p-b-c}=\dfrac{4}{a}\)

\(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\ge\dfrac{\left(1+1\right)^2}{2p-a-c}=\dfrac{4}{b}\)

Cộng theo vế:

\(2VT\ge4VP\Leftrightarrow VT\ge2VP\Leftrightarrowđpcm\)

\("="\Leftrightarrow a=b=c\)

Đặt T là vế trái của BĐT, nhân vào biến đổi ta được

\(T=2+\left(a+b+c\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)-3\)

\(T\ge2+\dfrac{2\left(a+b+c\right)}{\sqrt[3]{abc}}+\dfrac{a+b+c}{\sqrt[3]{abc}}-3\)(Sử dụng AM-GM rồi tách)

\(T\ge2+\dfrac{2\left(a+b+c\right)}{\sqrt[3]{abc}}+\dfrac{3\sqrt[3]{abc}}{\sqrt[3]{abc}}-3\)

\(T\ge2\left(1+\dfrac{a+b+c}{\sqrt[3]{abc}}\right)\)(đpcm)

Đẳng thức xảy ra khi a=b=c

a. Xét hiệu: \(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}-\dfrac{4}{a+b}\)

=\(\dfrac{b\left(a+b\right)+a\left(a+b\right)-4ab}{ab\left(a+b\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{a^2-2ab+b^2}{ab\left(a+b\right)}=\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)^2}{ab\left(a+b\right)}\ge0\)

Vì a,b>0

Xảy ra đẳng thức khi và chỉ khi a=b

a) Ta có: \(\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\left(1\right)\forall a,b\)

( Dấu = xày ra khi và chỉ khi a=b)

Cộng 4ab vào 2 vế, ta có:

\(\left(a-b\right)^2+4ab\ge4ab\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b\right)^2\ge4ab\)

Chia 2 vế cho ab(a+b)>0, ta có:

\(\dfrac{a+b}{ab}\ge\dfrac{4}{a+b}\Leftrightarrow\)\(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\ge\dfrac{4}{a+b}\)

b) Ta có:

\(2p=a+b+c\)

\(p-a=\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}-a=\dfrac{b+c-a}{2}>0\) vì b+c>a

Tương tự: \(p-b>0,p-c>0\)

Áp dụng BĐT: \(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\ge\dfrac{4}{a+b}\)cho từng cặp số p-a, p-b; p-b,p-c;p-c,p-a

Ta có:

\(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}\ge\dfrac{4}{\left(p-a\right)+\left(p-b\right)}=\dfrac{4}{2p-\left(a+b\right)}=\dfrac{4}{c}\left(1\right)\)

Tương tự:

\(\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\ge\dfrac{4}{a}\left(2\right)\)

\(\dfrac{1}{p-c}+\dfrac{1}{p-a}\ge\dfrac{4}{b}\left(3\right)\)

Cộng các BĐT cùng chiều (1), (2), (3) vế theo vế, ta có:

\(2\left(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\right)\ge4\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)

Do đó: \(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\ge2\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)

BĐT cô si: \(\dfrac{x+y}{2}>\left(hoặc=\right)\sqrt{xy}\)

=>x+y >(hoặc =) \(2\sqrt{xy}\)

=>\(\left(x+y\right)^2>\left(hoặc=\right)4xy\)

=>\(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}>\left(hoặc=\right)\dfrac{4}{x+y}\)

vì P=\(\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}=>a+b+c=2p\)

=>c=2p-a-b

b=2p-a-c

a=2p-b-c

ta có:\(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}>hoặc=\dfrac{4}{p-a+p-b}=\dfrac{4}{c}\)

\(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}>\left(hoặc=\right)\dfrac{4}{p-a+p-c}=\dfrac{4}{b}\)

\(\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}>\left(hoặc=\right)\dfrac{4}{p-b+p-c}=\dfrac{4}{a}\)

cộng vế với vế ta đc

\(2\left(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\right)>\left(hoặc=\right)4\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)

<=>\(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}>\left(hoặc=\right)2\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)

Lời giải:
Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM:

\(\frac{a^5}{b^2(c+3)}+\frac{b(c+3)}{16}+\frac{ab}{4}\geq \frac{3}{4}a^2\)

Tương tự với các phân thức còn lại và cộng theo vế:

\(A+\frac{5}{16}ab+\frac{3(a+b+c)}{16}\geq \frac{3}{4}(a^2+b^2+c^2)\)

Mà theo BĐT AM-GM dễ thấy \(a^2+b^2+c^2\geq ab+bc+ac\Rightarrow A\geq \frac{7}{16}(a^2+b^2+c^2)-\frac{3}{16}(a+b+c)\)

Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM tiếp:

$a^2+1\geq 2a; b^2+1\geq 2b; c^2+1\geq 2c$

$\Rightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+3\geq 2(a+b+c)\geq a+b+c+3\sqrt[3]{abc}=a+b+c+3$

$\Rightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2\geq a+b+c\Rightarrow A\geq \frac{1}{4}(a+b+c)\geq \frac{1}{4}\sqrt[3]{abc}=\frac{3}{4}$
Ta có đpcm

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi $a=b=c=1$

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Cách 2:

Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz:

\(A=\sum \frac{a^6}{ab^2(c+3)}=\sum \frac{a^6}{b+3ab^2}\geq \frac{(a^3+b^3+c^3)^2}{a+b+c+3(ab^2+bc^2+ca^2)}\)$(1)$

Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM:

$a^3+1+1\geq 3a; b^3+1+1\geq 3b; c^3+1+1\geq 3c$

$\Rightarrow a^3+b^3+c^3+6\geq 3(a+b+c)=a+b+c+2(a+b+c)$

$\geq a+b+c+6\sqrt[3]{abc}=a+b+c+6$ (theo BĐT AM-GM)

$\Rightarrow a^3+b^3+c^3\geq a+b+c(2)$

Tiếp tục AM-GM:

$a^3+b^3+b^3\geq 3ab^2; b^3+c^3+c^3\geq 3bc^2; a^3+a^3+c^3\geq 3ca^2$

$\Rightarrow a^3+b^3+c^3\geq ab^2+bc^2+ca^2(3)$

Từ $(1); (2); (3)\Rightarrow A\geq \frac{(a^3+b^3+c^3)^2}{4(a^3+b^3+c^3)}=\frac{a^3+b^3+c^3}{4}\geq \frac{3abc}{4}=\frac{3}{4}$

Ta có đpcm.

\(\dfrac{a^5}{b^2\left(c+3\right)}+\dfrac{b^2}{4}+\dfrac{a\left(c+3\right)}{16}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{a^6b^2\left(c+3\right)}{64b^2\left(c+3\right)}}=\dfrac{3}{4}a^2\)

Tương tự: \(\dfrac{b^5}{c^2\left(a+3\right)}+\dfrac{c^2}{4}+\dfrac{b\left(a+3\right)}{16}\ge\dfrac{3}{4}b^2\)

\(\dfrac{c^5}{a^2\left(b+3\right)}+\dfrac{a^2}{4}+\dfrac{c\left(b+3\right)}{16}\ge\dfrac{3}{4}c^2\)

Cộng vế:

\(A+\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^4}{4}+\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{16}+\dfrac{9}{16}\ge\dfrac{3}{4}\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow A\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)-\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{16}-\dfrac{9}{16}\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)-\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{16}-\dfrac{9}{16}\)

\(\Rightarrow A\ge\dfrac{7}{16}\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)-\dfrac{9}{16}\ge\dfrac{7}{16}.3\sqrt[3]{\left(abc\right)^2}-\dfrac{9}{16}=\dfrac{3}{4}\) (đpcm)

Ta có :

\(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}\ge\dfrac{4}{p-a+p-b}=\dfrac{2}{c}\)

\(\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\ge\dfrac{4}{p-a+p-c}=\dfrac{2}{a}\)

\(\dfrac{1}{p-c}+\dfrac{1}{p-a}\ge\dfrac{4}{p-c+p-a}=\dfrac{2}{b}\)

Cộng từng về ta có đpcm

Ta có: \(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\ge\dfrac{4}{a+b}\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a+b}{ab}\ge\dfrac{4}{a+b}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b\right)^2\ge4ab\Leftrightarrow a^2-2ab+b^2\ge0\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\left(đúng\right)\)

Áp dụng:

\(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}\ge\dfrac{4}{p-a+p-b}=\dfrac{4}{2p-a-b}\)

Mà \(2p=a+b+c\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}\ge\dfrac{4}{a+b+c-a-b}=\dfrac{4}{c}\)

Tương tự \(\Rightarrow2\left(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\right)\ge\dfrac{4}{a}+\dfrac{4}{b}+\dfrac{4}{c}\)

\(\Rightarrowđpcm\)

bạn chứng minh :

\(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\ge\dfrac{4}{a+b}\) ( chứng minh tương tự )

ta có: \(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}\ge\dfrac{4}{p-a+p-b}=\dfrac{4}{2p-a-b}\)

mặt khác : \(p=\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}\Leftrightarrow2p=a+b+c\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}\ge\dfrac{4}{a+b+c-a-b}=\dfrac{4}{c}\left(1\right)\)

Chứng minh tương tự ta có:

\(\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\ge\dfrac{4}{a}\left(2\right)\)

\(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\ge\dfrac{4}{b}\left(3\right)\)

Cộng từng vế (1),(2),(3), ta có:

\(2\left(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\right)\ge2\left(\dfrac{2}{a}+\dfrac{2}{b}+\dfrac{2}{c}\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\ge2\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\left(đpcm\right)\)