a) Ta có: \(M=x^2-3x+10\)

\(=x^2-2\cdot x\cdot\frac{3}{2}+\frac{9}{4}+\frac{31}{4}\)

\(=\left(x-\frac{3}{2}\right)^2+\frac{31}{4}\)

Ta có: \(\left(x-\frac{3}{2}\right)^2\ge0\forall x\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(x-\frac{3}{2}\right)^2+\frac{31}{4}\ge\frac{31}{4}\forall x\)

Dấu '=' xảy ra khi \(x-\frac{3}{2}=0\)

hay \(x=\frac{3}{2}\)

Vậy: Giá trị nhỏ nhất của biểu thức \(M=x^2-3x+10\) là \(\frac{31}{4}\) khi \(x=\frac{3}{2}\)

b) Ta có: \(N=2x^2+5y^2+4xy+8x-4y-100\)

\(=x^2+8x+16+x^2+4xy+4y^2+y^2-4y+4-120\)

\(=\left(x+4\right)^2+\left(x+2y\right)^2+\left(y-2\right)^2-120\)

Ta có: \(\left(x+4\right)^2\ge0\forall x\)

\(\left(x+2y\right)^2\ge0\forall x,y\)

\(\left(y-2\right)^2\ge0\forall y\)

Do đó: \(\left(x+4\right)^2+\left(x+2y\right)^2+\left(y-2\right)^2\ge0\forall x,y\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(x+4\right)^2+\left(x+2y\right)^2+\left(y-2\right)^2-120\ge-120\forall x,y\)

Dấu '=' xảy ra khi

\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+4=0\\x+2y=0\\y-2=0\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=-4\\-4+2y=0\\y=2\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=-4\\2y=4\\y=2\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=-4\\y=2\\y=2\end{matrix}\right.\)

Vậy: Giá trị nhỏ nhất của biểu thức \(N=2x^2+5y^2+4xy+8x-4y-100\) là -120 khi x=-4 và y=2

\(A=x-x^2=-\left(x^2-2\times x\times\frac{1}{2}+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2-\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2\right)=-\left[\left(x-\frac{1}{2}\right)^2-\frac{1}{4}\right]\)

\(\left(x-\frac{1}{2}\right)^2\ge0\)

\(\left(x-\frac{1}{2}\right)^2-\frac{1}{4}\ge-\frac{1}{4}\)

\(-\left[\left(x-\frac{1}{2}\right)^2-\frac{1}{4}\right]\le\frac{1}{4}\)

Vậy Max A = \(\frac{1}{4}\) khi x = \(\frac{1}{2}\)

***

\(B=5-8x-x^2=-\left(x^2+2\times x\times4+4^2-4^2-5\right)=-\left[\left(x+4\right)^2-21\right]\)

\(\left(x+4\right)^2\ge0\)

\(\left(x+4\right)^2-21\ge-21\)

\(-\left[\left(x+4\right)^2-21\right]\le21\)

Vậy Max B = 21 khi x = - 4 

***

\(C=5-x^2+2x-4y^2-4y=-\left(x^2-2\times x\times1+1^2-1^2+\left(2y\right)^2-2\times2y\times1+1^2-1^2-5\right)=-\left[\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(2y-1\right)^2-7\right]\)

\(\left(x-1\right)^2\ge0\)

\(\left(2y-1\right)^2\ge0\)

\(\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(2y-1\right)^2-7\ge-7\)

\(-\left[\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(2y-1\right)^2-7\right]\le7\)

Vậy Max C = 7 khi x = 1 và y = \(\frac{1}{2}\)

\(A=\left(x^2-4x+4\right)+4=\left(x-2\right)^2+4\ge4\)

\(minA=4\Leftrightarrow x=2\)

\(B=\left(4x^2-12x+9\right)+2=\left(2x-3\right)^2+2\ge2\)

\(minB=2\Leftrightarrow x=\dfrac{3}{2}\)

\(C=3\left(x^2+2x+1\right)-8=3\left(x+1\right)^2-8\ge-8\)

\(minC=-8\Leftrightarrow x=-1\)

\(D=-\left(x^2-2x+1\right)-4=-\left(x-1\right)^2-4\le-4\)

\(maxD=-4\Leftrightarrow x=1\)

\(E=-\left(4x^2-6x+\dfrac{9}{4}\right)-\dfrac{11}{4}=-\left(2x-\dfrac{3}{2}\right)^2-\dfrac{11}{4}\le-\dfrac{11}{4}\)

\(maxA=-\dfrac{11}{4}\Leftrightarrow x=\dfrac{3}{4}\)

\(F=-2\left(x^2-\dfrac{1}{2}x+\dfrac{1}{16}\right)-\dfrac{55}{8}=-2\left(x-\dfrac{1}{4}\right)^2-\dfrac{55}{8}\le-\dfrac{55}{8}\)

\(maxF=-\dfrac{55}{8}\Leftrightarrow x=\dfrac{1}{4}\)

\(G=\left(x^2-4xy+4y^2\right)+\left(y^2+y+\dfrac{1}{4}\right)+\dfrac{3}{4}=\left(x-2y\right)^2+\left(y+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^2+\dfrac{3}{4}\ge\dfrac{3}{4}\)

\(maxG=\dfrac{3}{4}\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=-1\\y=-\dfrac{1}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(H=-\left(x^2-2x+1\right)-\left(y^2+4y+4\right)+16=-\left(x-1\right)^2-\left(y+2\right)^2+16\le16\)

\(maxH=16\Leftrightarrow\) \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\y=-2\end{matrix}\right.\)

Lời giải:

$A=5x^2+y^2+4xy-2x-2y+2020$

$=(4x^2+y^2+4xy)+x^2-2x-2y+2020$

$=(2x+y)^2-2(2x+y)+x^2+2x+2020$

$=(2x+y)^2-2(2x+y)+1+(x^2+2x+1)+2018$

$=(2x+y-1)^2+(x+1)^2+2018\geq 2018$

Vậy GTNN của $A$ là $2018$. Giá trị này đạt tại $2x+y-1=0$ và $x+1=0$

Hay $x=-1; y=3$

F = 5x² + 2y² + 4xy - 2x + 4y + 8

F = ( 4x² + 4xy + y² ) + ( x² - 2x + 1 ) + ( y² + 4y + 4 ) + 3

F = ( 2x + y )² + ( x - 1 )² + ( y + 2 )² + 3

\(\hept{\begin{cases}\left(2x+y\right)^2\\\left(x-1\right)^2\\\left(y+2\right)^2\end{cases}}\ge0\forall x,y\Rightarrow\left(2x+y\right)^2+\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(y+2\right)^2+3\ge3\forall x,y\)

Đẳng thức xảy ra <=> \(\hept{\begin{cases}2x+y=0\\x-1=0\\y+2=0\end{cases}}\Rightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}x=1\\y=-2\end{cases}}\)

Vậy MinF = 3 <=> x = 1 , y = -2

G = 5x² + 5y² + 8xy + 2y + 2020

= x² + ( 4x² + 8xy + 4y² ) + ( y² + 2y + 1 ) + 2019

= x² + ( 2x + 2y )² + ( y + 1 )² + 2019

\(\hept{\begin{cases}x^2\\\left(2x+2y\right)^2\\\left(y+1\right)^2\end{cases}}\ge0\forall x,y\Rightarrow x^2+\left(2x+2y\right)^2+\left(y+1\right)^2+2019\ge2019\forall x,y\)

Tuy nhiên đẳng thức không xảy ra :P

a) Từ M = x − 3 2 2 + 31 4 ≥ 31 4 ⇒ M min = 31 4 ⇔ x = 3 2 .  

b) Ta có N = ( x   +   2 y ) 2   +   ( y   –   2 ) 2   +   ( x   +   4 ) 2   –   120   ≥   -   120 .

Tìm được N min  = -120 Û x = -4 và y = 2.

a) Đặt \(A=x^2-2x+1\)

    Ta có: \(A=x^2-2x+1=\left(x-1\right)^2\)

     Vì \(\left(x-1\right)^2\ge0\forall x\)

    \(\Rightarrow A_{min}=0\)

    Dấu "=" xảy ra khi: \(x-1=0\)

                            \(\Leftrightarrow x=1\)

Vậy \(A_{min}=0\)\(\Leftrightarrow\)\(x=1\)

b) Ta có: \(M=x^2-3x+10\)

        \(\Leftrightarrow M=\left(x^2-3x+\frac{9}{4}\right)+\frac{31}{4}\)

        \(\Leftrightarrow M=\left(x-\frac{3}{2}\right)^2+\frac{31}{4}\)

    Vì \(\left(x-\frac{3}{2}\right)^2\ge0\forall x\)\(\Rightarrow\)\(\left(x-\frac{3}{2}\right)^2+\frac{31}{4}\ge\frac{31}{4}\forall x\)

     \(\Rightarrow\)\(M_{min}=\frac{31}{4}\)

    Dấu "=" xảy ra khi: \(x-\frac{3}{2}=0\)

                            \(\Leftrightarrow x=\frac{3}{2}\)

Vậy \(M_{min}=\frac{31}{4}\)\(\Leftrightarrow\)\(x=\frac{3}{2}\)

Mình đặt A, B, C cho dễ nhìn nhé ;-;

a) A = x² - 2x + 1 = ( x - 1 )² ≥ 0 ∀ x

Đẳng thức xảy ra <=> x - 1 = 0 => x = 1

=> MinA = 0 <=> x = 1

b) B = x² - 3x + 10 = ( x² - 3x + 9/4 ) + 31/4 = ( x - 3/2 )² + 31/4 ≥ 31/4 ∀ x

Đẳng thức xảy ra <=> x - 3/2 = 0 => x = 3/2

=> MinB = 31/4 <=> x = 3/2

c) C = ( x - 3 )( x + 5 ) + 4

= x² + 2x - 15 + 4

= ( x² + 2x + 1 ) - 12

= ( x + 1 )² - 12 ≥ -12 ∀ x

Đẳng thức xảy ra <=> x + 1 = 0 => x = -1

=> MinC = -12 <=> x = -1

d) D = x² - 4x + y² - 8y + 6

= ( x² - 4x + 4 ) + ( y² - 8y + 16 ) - 14

= ( x - 2 )² + ( y - 4 )² - 14 ≥ -14 ∀ x, y

Đẳng thức xảy ra <=> x = 2 ; y = 4

=> MinD = -14 <=> x = 2 ; y = 4

e) E =  3x² + 2x + 1

= 3( x² + 2/3x + 1/9 ) + 2/3

= 3( x + 1/3 )² + 2/3 ≥ 2/3 ∀ x

Đẳng thức xảy ra <=> x + 1/3 = 0 => x = -1/3

=> MinE = 2/3 <=> x = -1/3