a.

ĐKXĐ: $x\geq 0; y\geq 1$

PT $\Leftrightarrow (x-4\sqrt{x}+4)+(y-1-6\sqrt{y-1}+9)=0$
$\Leftrightarrow (\sqrt{x}-2)^2+(\sqrt{y-1}-3)^2=0$
Vì $(\sqrt{x}-2)^2; (\sqrt{y-1}-3)^2\geq 0$ với mọi $x\geq 0; y\geq 1$ nên để tổng của chúng bằng $0$ thì:

$\sqrt{x}-2=\sqrt{y-1}-3=0$

$\Leftrightarrow x=4; y=10$

b.

ĐKXĐ: $x\geq -1; y\geq -2; z\geq -3$
PT $\Leftrightarrow x+y+z+35-4\sqrt{x+1}-6\sqrt{y+2}-8\sqrt{z+3}=0$

$\Leftrightarrow [(x+1)-4\sqrt{x+1}+4]+[(y+2)-6\sqrt{y+2}+9]+[(z+3)-8\sqrt{z+3}+16]=0$

$\Leftrightarrow (\sqrt{x+1}-2)^2+(\sqrt{y+2}-3)^2+(\sqrt{z+3}-4)^2=0$
$\Rightarrow \sqrt{x+1}-2=\sqrt{y+2}-3=\sqrt{z+3}-4=0$
$\Rightarrow x=3; y=7; z=13$

c.

ĐKXĐ: $x\geq \frac{-1}{8}$

PT $\Leftrightarrow 9x+17-6\sqrt{8x+1}-4\sqrt{x+3}=0$

$\Leftrightarrow [(8x+1)-6\sqrt{8x+1}+9]+[(x+3)-4\sqrt{x+3}+4]=0$

$\Leftrightarrow (\sqrt{8x+1}-3)^2+(\sqrt{x+3}-2)^2=0$

$\Rightarrow \sqrt{8x+1}-3=\sqrt{x+3}-2=0$

$\Rightarrow x=1$ (thỏa mãn đkxđ)

Thay \(x = 2\) vào phương trình \(\sqrt { - 2{x^2} - 2x + 11}  = \sqrt { - {x^2} + 3} \) ta thấy không thỏa mãn vì dưới dấu căn là \( - 1\) không thỏa mãn

Vậy \(x =  2\) không là nghiệm của phương trình do đó lời giải như trên là sai.

a)\(\sqrt{3x+1}+2x=\sqrt{x-4}-5\left(ĐKXĐ:x\ge4\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\sqrt{3x+1}-\sqrt{x-4}\right)+\left(2x+5\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{3x+1-x+4}{\sqrt{3x+1}+\sqrt{x-4}}+\left(2x+5\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{2x+5}{\sqrt{3x+1}+\sqrt{x-4}}+\left(2x+5\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2x+5\right)\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3x+1}+\sqrt{x-4}}+1\right)=0\)

a') (tiếp)

\(\Leftrightarrow\orbr{\begin{cases}2x+5=0\\\frac{1}{\sqrt{3x+1}+\sqrt{x-4}}+1=0\end{cases}}\Leftrightarrow\orbr{\begin{cases}x=-2,5\left(KTMĐKXĐ\right)\\\frac{1}{\sqrt{3x+1}+\sqrt{x-4}}+1=0\end{cases}}\)

Xét phương trình \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3x+1}+\sqrt{x-4}}+1=0\)(1)

Với mọi \(x\ge4\), ta có:

\(\sqrt{3x+1}>0\); \(\sqrt{x-4}\ge0\)

\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{3x+1}+\sqrt{x-4}>0\Rightarrow\frac{1}{\sqrt{3x+1}+\sqrt{x-4}}>0\)

\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{\sqrt{3x+1}+\sqrt{x-4}}+1>0\)

Do đó phương trình (1) vô nghiệm.

Vậy phương trình đã cho vô nghiệm.

b) \(\sqrt{3x+5}+x=6+\sqrt{2x+11}\left(ĐKXĐ:x\ge-\frac{5}{3}\right)\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\sqrt{3x+5}-\sqrt{2x+11}\right)+\left(x-6\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{3x+5-2x-11}{\sqrt{3x+5}+\sqrt{2x+11}}+\left(x-6\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{x-6}{\sqrt{3x+5}+\sqrt{2x+11}}+\left(x-6\right)=0\).

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-6\right)\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3x+5}+\sqrt{2x+11}}+1\right)=0\)

b. Tự đặt đk

\(x^{^2}+5\sqrt{x-3}=21\\\Leftrightarrow x^{^2}-9+5\sqrt{x-3}=12 \)

Đặt \(a=\sqrt{x-3}\) \(\left(a\ge0\right)\) Phương trình trở thành:

\(a^{^2}\left(a^{^2}+6\right)+5a=12\\ \Leftrightarrow a^{^4}+6a^{^2}+5a-12=0\\ \Leftrightarrow a^{^4}-a^{^3}+a^{^3}-a^{^2}+7a^{^2}-7a+12a-12=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(a-1\right)\left(a^{^3}+a^{^2}+7a+12\right)=0\\ \Leftrightarrow a=1\left(tmdk\right)\)

Ta có: vì \(a\ge0\) nên \(a^{^3}+a^{^2}+7a+12\ne0\)

Với a = 1 ta có x=4 (tmdk)

a, ĐK: \(x\le-1,x\ge3\)

\(pt\Leftrightarrow2\left(x^2-2x-3\right)+\sqrt{x^2-2x-3}-3=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2\sqrt{x^2-2x-3}+3\right).\left(\sqrt{x^2-2x-3}-1\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}\sqrt{x^2-2x-3}=-\dfrac{3}{2}\left(l\right)\\\sqrt{x^2-2x-3}=1\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-2x-3=1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-2x-4=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x=1\pm\sqrt{5}\left(tm\right)\)

b, ĐK: \(-2\le x\le2\)

Đặt \(\sqrt{2+x}-2\sqrt{2-x}=t\Rightarrow t^2=10-3x-4\sqrt{4-x^2}\)

Khi đó phương trình tương đương:

\(3t-t^2=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}t=0\\t=3\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}\sqrt{2+x}-2\sqrt{2-x}=0\\\sqrt{2+x}-2\sqrt{2-x}=3\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}2+x=8-4x\\2+x=17-4x+12\sqrt{2-x}\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=\dfrac{6}{5}\left(tm\right)\\5x-15=12\sqrt{2-x}\left(1\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

Vì \(-2\le x\le2\Rightarrow5x-15< 0\Rightarrow\left(1\right)\) vô nghiệm

Vậy phương trình đã cho có nghiệm \(x=\dfrac{6}{5}\)

c, ĐK: \(0\le x\le9\)

Đặt \(\sqrt{9x-x^2}=t\left(0\le t\le\dfrac{9}{2}\right)\)

\(pt\Leftrightarrow9+2\sqrt{9x-x^2}=-x^2+9x+m\)

\(\Leftrightarrow-\left(-x^2+9x\right)+2\sqrt{9x-x^2}+9=m\)

\(\Leftrightarrow-t^2+2t+9=m\)

Khi \(m=9,pt\Leftrightarrow-t^2+2t=0\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}t=0\\t=2\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}9x-x^2=0\\9x-x^2=4\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=0\left(tm\right)\\x=9\left(tm\right)\\x=\dfrac{9\pm\sqrt{65}}{2}\left(tm\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

Phương trình đã cho có nghiệm khi phương trình \(m=f\left(t\right)=-t^2+2t+9\) có nghiệm

\(\Leftrightarrow minf\left(t\right)\le m\le maxf\left(t\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow-\dfrac{9}{4}\le m\le10\)

4) Ta có: \(\left(x+3\right)\cdot\sqrt{10-x^2}=x^2-x-12\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+3\right)\cdot\sqrt{10-x^2}-\left(x-4\right)\left(x+3\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+3\right)\left(\sqrt{10-x^2}-x+4\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x+3=0\\\sqrt{10-x^2}=x-4\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=-3\\10-x^2=x^2-8x+16\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=-3\\x^2-8x+16-10+x^2=0\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=-3\\2x^2-8x+6=0\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=-3\\2\left(x^2-4x+3\right)=0\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=-3\\\left(x-1\right)\left(x-3\right)=0\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=-3\\x=1\\x=3\end{matrix}\right.\)

a) ĐK: \(x\ge3\)

PT \(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{\left(x-3\right)\left(x-2\right)}-\sqrt{x-2}+\sqrt{x+1}-\sqrt{\left(x-3\right)\left(x+1\right)}=0\)

     \(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x-2}\left(\sqrt{x-3}-1\right)+\sqrt{x+1}\left(1-\sqrt{x-3}\right)=0\)

     \(\Leftrightarrow\left(\sqrt{x-2}-\sqrt{x+1}\right)\left(\sqrt{x-3}-1\right)=0\)

     \(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}\sqrt{x-2}=\sqrt{x+1}\\\sqrt{x-3}=1\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x-2=x+1\\x-3=1\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow x=4\) (Thỏa mãn)

  Vậy ...

a) \(\sqrt{x-1}+\sqrt{4x-4}-\sqrt{25x-25}+2=0\) (ĐK: \(x\ge1\)) 

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x-1}+\sqrt{4\left(x-1\right)}-\sqrt{25\left(x-1\right)}+2=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x-1}+2\sqrt{x-1}-5\sqrt{x-1}+2=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow-2\sqrt{x-1}=-2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x-1}=\dfrac{2}{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x-1}=1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x-1=1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x=2\left(tm\right)\)

b) \(\sqrt{16x+16}-\sqrt{9x+9}+\sqrt{4x+4}+\sqrt{x+1}=16\) (ĐK: \(x\ge-1\))

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{16\left(x+1\right)}-\sqrt{9\left(x+1\right)}+\sqrt{4\left(x+1\right)}+\sqrt{x+1}=16\)

\(\Leftrightarrow4\sqrt{x+1}-3\sqrt{x+1}+2\sqrt{x+1}+\sqrt{x+1}=16\)

\(\Leftrightarrow4\sqrt{x+1}=16\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x+1}=4\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x+1=16\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x=15\left(tm\right)\)