Bài 3. Phép nhân, phép chia phân thức đại số

Để nhân, chia được các phân thức đại số ta thực hiện như nhân chia các phân số.

Để nhân hai phân số, ta nhân tử với tử và nhân các mẫu với nhau.

\(\begin{array}{l}a)\dfrac{{{x^3} + 1}}{{{x^2} - 2{\rm{x}} + 1}}.\dfrac{{x - 1}}{{{x^2} - x + 1}} = \\ = \dfrac{{\left( {{x^3} + 1} \right)\left( {x - 1} \right)}}{{\left( {{x^2} - 2{\rm{x}} + 1} \right).\left( {{x^2} - x + 1} \right)}}\\ = \dfrac{{\left( {x + 1} \right)\left( {{x^2} - x + 1} \right)\left( {x - 1} \right)}}{{{{\left( {x - 1} \right)}^2}.\left( {{x^2} - x + 1} \right)}} = \dfrac{{x + 1}}{{x - 1}}\end{array}\)

\(\begin{array}{l}b)\left( {{x^2} - 4{\rm{x}} + 4} \right).\dfrac{2}{{3{{\rm{x}}^2} - 6{\rm{x}}}}\\ = \dfrac{{\left( {{x^2} - 4{\rm{x}} + 4} \right).2}}{{3{{\rm{x}}^2} - 6{\rm{x}}}} = \dfrac{{{{\left( {x - 2} \right)}^2}.2}}{{3{\rm{x}}\left( {x - 2} \right)}} = \dfrac{{2\left( {x - 2} \right)}}{{3{\rm{x}}}}\end{array}\)

* Tính chất giao hoán: \(\dfrac{a}{b}.\dfrac{c}{d} = \dfrac{c}{d}.\dfrac{a}{b}\)

* Tính chất kết hợp: \(\left( {\dfrac{a}{b}.\dfrac{c}{d}} \right).\dfrac{e}{f} = \dfrac{a}{b}.\left( {\dfrac{c}{d}.\dfrac{e}{f}} \right)\)

* Tính chất của pép nhân phân phối với phép cộng:

\(\dfrac{a}{b}.\left( {\dfrac{c}{d} + \dfrac{e}{f}} \right) = \dfrac{a}{b}.\dfrac{c}{d} + \dfrac{a}{b}.\dfrac{e}{f}\)

(\(\dfrac{a}{b};\dfrac{c}{d};\dfrac{e}{f}\) là các phân số có nghĩa)

\(\begin{array}{l}a)\dfrac{{y + 6}}{{{x^2} - 4{\rm{x}} + 4}}.\dfrac{{{x^2} - 4}}{{x + 1}}.\dfrac{{x - 2}}{{y + 6}}\\ = \dfrac{{y + 6}}{{{x^2} - 4{\rm{x}} + 4}}.\dfrac{{x - 2}}{{y + 6}}.\dfrac{{{x^2} - 4}}{{x + 1}}\\ = \dfrac{{\left( {y + 6} \right).\left( {x - 2} \right).\left( {{x^2} - 4} \right)}}{{\left( {{x^2} - 4{\rm{x}} + 4} \right).\left( {y + 6} \right).\left( {x + 1} \right)}}\\ = \dfrac{{\left( {y + 6} \right).\left( {x - 2} \right).\left( {x - 2} \right)\left( {x + 2} \right)}}{{{{\left( {x - 2} \right)}^2}.\left( {y + 6} \right).\left( {x + 1} \right)}} = \dfrac{{x + 2}}{{x + 1}}\end{array}\)

\(\begin{array}{l}b)\left(\frac{2x+1}{{x - 3}} + \frac{2x+1}{x+3}\right ) .\dfrac{{x^2 - 9}}{{2{\rm{x}} + 1}} \\ = (2x+1) \left ( \frac {1}{x-3} + \frac {1}{x+3} \right ) . \frac {(x-3)(x+3)}{2x + 1} \\ = (2x+1) \frac {x+3 + x - 3}{(x-3)(x+3)} . \frac {(x-3)(x+3)}{2x + 1}  \\ = \frac {2x(2x+1)}{(x-3)(x+3)} . \frac {(x-3)(x+3)}{2x +1} \\= 2x \end{array}\)

Muốn chia phân số \(\dfrac{a}{b}\) cho  phân số \(\dfrac{c}{d}\), ta lấy phân số \(\dfrac{a}{b}\) nhân với phân số nghịch đảo của phân số \(\dfrac{c}{d}\):

\(\dfrac{a}{b}:\dfrac{c}{d} = \dfrac{a}{b}.\dfrac{d}{c}\)

\(\begin{array}{l}a)\dfrac{{x + y}}{{y - x}}:\dfrac{{{x^2} + xy}}{{3{{\rm{x}}^2} - 3{y^2}}} = \dfrac{{x + y}}{{y - x}}.\dfrac{{3{{\rm{x}}^2} - 3{y^2}}}{{{x^2} + xy}}\\ = \dfrac{{\left( {x + y} \right).3\left( {{x^2} - {y^2}} \right)}}{{\left( {y - x} \right).x.\left( {x + y} \right)}}\\ = \dfrac{{\left( {x + y} \right).3\left( {x - y} \right)\left( {x + y} \right)}}{{ - \left( {x - y} \right).x.\left( {x + y} \right)}} = \dfrac{{ - 3\left( {x + y} \right)}}{x}\end{array}\)

\(\begin{array}{l}b)\dfrac{{{x^3} + {y^3}}}{{x - y}}:\left( {{x^2} - xy + {y^2}} \right)\\ = \dfrac{{\left( {x + y} \right)\left( {{x^2} - xy + {y^2}} \right)}}{{x - y}}.\dfrac{1}{{{x^2} - xy + {y^2}}} = \dfrac{{x + y}}{{x - y}}\end{array}\)

\(a)\dfrac{{3{\rm{x}} + 6}}{{4{\rm{x}} - 8}}.\dfrac{{2{\rm{x}} - 4}}{{x + 2}} = \dfrac{{3\left( {x + 2} \right).2\left( {x - 2} \right)}}{{4.\left( {x - 2} \right).\left( {x + 2} \right)}} = \dfrac{3}{2}\)

\(b)\dfrac{{{x^2} - 36}}{{2{\rm{x}} + 10}}.\dfrac{{x + 5}}{{6 - x}} = \dfrac{{\left( {x - 6} \right)\left( {x + 6} \right)\left( {x + 5} \right)}}{{2\left( {x + 5} \right).\left( { - 1} \right)\left( {x - 6} \right)}} = \dfrac{{x + 6}}{{ - 2}} = \dfrac{{-x- 6}}{{ 2}}\)

\(c)\dfrac{{1 - {y^3}}}{{y + 1}}.\dfrac{{5y + 5}}{{{y^2} + y + 1}} = \dfrac{{\left( {1 - y} \right)\left( {1 + y + {y^2}} \right).5\left( {y + 1} \right)}}{{\left( {y + 1} \right).\left( {{y^2} + y + 1} \right)}} = 5\left( {1 - y} \right)\)

\(d)\dfrac{{x + 2y}}{{4{{\rm{x}}^2} - 4{\rm{x}}y + {y^2}}}.\left( {2{\rm{x}} - y} \right) = \dfrac{{\left( {x + 2y} \right).\left( {2{\rm{x}} - y} \right)}}{{{{\left( {2{\rm{x}} - y} \right)}^2}}} = \dfrac{{x + 2y}}{{2{\rm{x}} - y}}\)

\(a)\dfrac{{20{\rm{x}}}}{{3{y^2}}}:\left( { - \dfrac{{15{{\rm{x}}^2}}}{{6y}}} \right) = \dfrac{{20{\rm{x}}}}{{3{y^2}}}.\left( { - \dfrac{{6y}}{{15{{\rm{x}}^2}}}} \right) = \dfrac{{20{\rm{x}}.\left( { - 6y} \right)}}{{3{y^2}.15{{\rm{x}}^2}}} = \dfrac{{ - 8}}{{3{\rm{x}}y}}\)

\(b)\dfrac{{9{{\rm{x}}^2} - {y^2}}}{{x + y}}:\dfrac{{3{\rm{x}} + y}}{{2{\rm{x}} + 2y}} = \dfrac{{\left( {3{\rm{x}} - y} \right)\left( {3{\rm{x}} + y} \right)}}{{x + y}}.\dfrac{{2{\rm{x}} + 2y}}{{3{\rm{x}} + y}} = \dfrac{{\left( {3{\rm{x}} - y} \right)\left( {3{\rm{x}} + y} \right).2.\left( {x + y} \right)}}{{(x + y).\left( {3{\rm{x}} + y} \right)}} = 2\left( {3{\rm{x}} - y} \right)\)

\(\begin{array}{l}c)\dfrac{{{x^3} + {y^3}}}{{y - x}}:\dfrac{{{x^2} - xy + {y^2}}}{{{x^2} - 2{\rm{x}}y + {y^2}}} = \dfrac{{\left( {x + y} \right)\left( {{x^2} - xy + {y^2}} \right)}}{{y - x}}.\dfrac{{{x^2} - 2{\rm{x}}y + {y^2}}}{{{x^2} - xy + {y^2}}}\\ = \dfrac{{\left( {x + y} \right)\left( {{x^2} - xy + {y^2}} \right).{{\left( {x - y} \right)}^2}}}{{ - (x - y)\left( {{x^2} - xy + {y^2}} \right)}} =  \left( {x + y} \right)\left( {y - x} \right) =  {{y^2} - {x^2}} \end{array}\)

\(d)\dfrac{{9 - {x^2}}}{x}:\left( {x - 3} \right) = \dfrac{{\left( {3 - x} \right)\left( {3 + x} \right)}}{x}.\dfrac{1}{{x - 3}} = \dfrac{{ - \left( {x - 3} \right)\left( {3 + x} \right)}}{{x.\left( {x - 3} \right)}} = \dfrac{{ - \left( {3 + x} \right)}}{x}.\)

\(\begin{array}{l}a)\dfrac{{{x^2} - 49}}{{{x^2} + 5}}.\left( {\dfrac{{{x^2} + 5}}{{x - 7}} - \dfrac{{{x^2} + 5}}{{x + 7}}} \right)\\ = \dfrac{{\left( {x - 7} \right)\left( {x + 7} \right)}}{{{x^2} + 5}}.\dfrac{{{x^2} + 5}}{{x - 7}} - \dfrac{{\left( {x - 7} \right)\left( {x + 7} \right)}}{{{x^2} + 5}}.\dfrac{{{x^2} + 5}}{{x + 7}}\\ = x + 7 - \left( {x - 7} \right) = 14\end{array}\)

\(\begin{array}{l}b)\dfrac{{19{\rm{x}} + 8}}{{x + 1975}}.\dfrac{{2000 - x}}{{x + 1945}} + \dfrac{{19{\rm{x}} + 8}}{{x + 1975}}.\dfrac{{2{\rm{x}} - 25}}{{x + 1945}}\\ = \dfrac{{19{\rm{x}} + 8}}{{x + 1975}}.\left( {\dfrac{{2000 - x}}{{x + 1945}} + \dfrac{{2{\rm{x}} - 25}}{{x + 1945}}} \right)\\ = \dfrac{{19{\rm{x}} + 8}}{{x + 1975}}.\dfrac{{2000 - x + 2{\rm{x}} - 25}}{{x + 1945}}\\ = \dfrac{{19{\rm{x}} + 8}}{{x + 1975}}.\dfrac{{x + 1975}}{{x + 1945}} = \dfrac{{19{\rm{x}} + 8}}{{x + 1945}}\end{array}\)