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Read the passage. Then answer 5 questions below. The Creators of GrammarNo student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex. By changing word sequences and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs and suffixes, we are able to communicate tiny variations in meaning. We can turn a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to take place, and perform many other word tricks to convey subtle differences in meaning. Nor is this complexity inheren...
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Read the passage. Then answer 5 questions below.
The Creators of Grammar
No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex. By changing word sequences and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs and suffixes, we are able to communicate tiny variations in meaning. We can turn a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to take place, and perform many other word tricks to convey subtle differences in meaning. Nor is this complexity inherent to the English language. All languages, even those of so-called 'primitive' tribes have clever grammatical components. The Cherokee pronoun system, for example, can distinguish between 'you and I', 'several other people and I' and 'you, another person and I'. In English, all these meanings are summed up in the one, crude pronoun 'we'. Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no matter how widespread it is. So the question which has baffled many linguists is - who created grammar?
At first, it would appear that this question is impossible to answer. To find out how grammar is created, someone needs to be present at the time of a language's creation, documenting its emergence. Many historical linguists are able to trace modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but in order to answer the question of how complex languages are actually formed, the researcher needs to observe how languages are started from scratch. Amazingly, however, this is possible.
Some of the most recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade. At that time, slaves from a number of different ethnicities were forced to work together under colonizer's rule. Since they had no opportunity to learn each other's languages, they developed a make-shift language called a pidgin. Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowner. They have little in the way of grammar, and in many cases it is difficult for a listener to deduce when an event happened, and who did what to whom. [A] Speakers need to use circumlocution in order to make their meaning understood. [B] Interestingly, however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language is for a group of children to be exposed to it at the time when they learn their mother tongue. [C] Slave children did not simply copy the strings of words uttered by their elders, they adapted their words to create a new, expressive language. [D] Complex grammar systems which emerge from pidgins are termed creoles, and they are invented by children.
Further evidence of this can be seen in studying sign languages for the deaf. Sign languages are not simply a series of gestures; they utilise the same grammatical machinery that is found in spoken languages. Moreover, there are many different languages used worldwide. The creation of one such language was documented quite recently in Nicaragua. Previously, all deaf people were isolated from each other, but in 1979 a new government introduced schools for the deaf. Although children were taught speech and lip reading in the classroom, in the playgrounds they began to invent their own sign system, using the gestures that they used at home. It was basically a pidgin. Each child used the signs differently, and there was no consistent grammar. However, children who joined the school later, when this inventive sign system was already around, developed a quite different sign language. Although it was based on the signs of the older children, the younger children's language was more fluid and compact, and it utilised a large range of grammatical devices to clarify meaning. What is more, all the children used the signs in the same way. A new creole was born.
Some linguists believe that many of the world's most established languages were creoles at first. The English past tense –ed ending may have evolved from the verb 'do'. 'It ended' may once have been 'It end-did'. Therefore it would appear that even the most widespread languages were partly created by children. Children appear to have innate grammatical machinery in their brains, which springs to life when they are first trying to make sense of the world around them. Their minds can serve to create logical, complex structures, even when there is no grammar present for them to copy.
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1 In paragraph 1, why does the writer include information about the Cherokee language?
A To show how simple, traditional cultures can have complicated grammar structures
B To show how English grammar differs from Cherokee grammar
C To prove that complex grammar structures were invented by the Cherokees.
D To demonstrate how difficult it is to learn the Cherokee language
2 What can be inferred about the slaves' pidgin language?
A It contained complex grammar.
B It was based on many different languages.
C It was difficult to understand, even among slaves.
D It was created by the land-owners.
3 All the following sentences about Nicaraguan sign language are true EXCEPT:
A The language has been created since 1979.
B The language is based on speech and lip reading.
C The language incorporates signs which children used at home.
D The language was perfected by younger children.
4 In paragraph 3, where can the following sentence be placed?
It included standardised word orders and grammatical markers that existed in neither the pidgin language, nor the language of the colonizers.
A
B
C
D
5 'From scratch' in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:
A from the very beginning
B in simple cultures
C by copying something else
D by using written information
III. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.
1. She was ............... for days after the accident. ( conscious )
2. His speedy ............ after the operation amazed all the doctors. ( revive )
3. The ............... of water caused the dam to burst. ( press )
4. The heart pumps .............. around the body. ( bleed )
5. Come by the fire. You must be .............. to the bone. ( chill )
6. I want an .............. reply. ( immediately )
7. The victim who has...
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III. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.
1. She was ............... for days after the accident. ( conscious )
2. His speedy ............ after the operation amazed all the doctors. ( revive )
3. The ............... of water caused the dam to burst. ( press )
4. The heart pumps .............. around the body. ( bleed )
5. Come by the fire. You must be .............. to the bone. ( chill )
6. I want an .............. reply. ( immediately )
7. The victim who has a dog bite needs an anti-tetanus ............. . ( inject )
8. She is very ............... about her mother's health. ( anxiety )
9. The nurse is giving Lam some first-aid .............. . ( instruct )
10. Make sure that the needles are ................ . ( sterilize )
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.
1. She was................................. for days after the accident. (conscious)
2. His speedy .......... after the operation amazed all the doctors. (revive)
3. The .................................... of water caused the dam to burst. (press)
4. The heart pumps ........................................ around the body. (bleed)
5. Come by the fire. You must be .............................. to the bone. (chill)
6. I...
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Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.
1. She was................................. for days after the accident. (conscious)
2. His speedy .......... after the operation amazed all the doctors. (revive)
3. The .................................... of water caused the dam to burst. (press)
4. The heart pumps ........................................ around the body. (bleed)
5. Come by the fire. You must be .............................. to the bone. (chill)
6. I want an ............................................................ reply. (immediately)
7. The victim who has a dog bite needs an anti-tetanus ............. . (inject)
8. She is very ................................. about her mother's health. (anxiety)
9. The nurse is giving Lan some first-aid ................................. . (instruct)
10. Make sure that the needles are ......................................... (sterilize)
For many young people sport is a popular part of school life and (1.......) in one of the school teams and playing in matches is very important. (2) ...... Someone is in a team it means a lot of extra practice and often spending a Saturday or Sunday away (3)... someone home, as many matches are played then . It (4 )..........alao involve traveling to other towns to play against other school teams and then (5)......on after the match for a meal or a drink. Some parents, friends, other students...
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For many young people sport is a popular part of school life and (1.......) in one of the school teams and playing in matches is very important. (2) ...... Someone is in a team it means a lot of extra practice and often spending a Saturday or Sunday away (3)... someone home, as many matches are played then . It (4 )..........alao involve traveling to other towns to play against other school teams and then (5)......on after the match for a meal or a drink. Some parents, friends, other students will travel with the team to support (6)...own side .when a school team win a match the whole feel proud (7)..... only the player .It can also mean a school (8)..... well-known for being good at certain sports and pupils from that school may end up playing (9)......national and international teams so that the school has some really (10).....names associated with it
14 tháng 11 2018 lúc 19:49
Tìm lỗi sai và sửa
1 Preserving natural resources mean reserving them for our future
2 Despite of the increase in air fares , most people still prefer to travel by plane
3 Regardless of your teaching method , the objective of any conversation class should me for students to practice speaking words
4 The injured man was taken to the hospital
5 In order for one to achieve the desired results in this experiment , it is necessary that he work as fastly as possiable
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Tìm lỗi sai và sửa
1 Preserving natural resources mean reserving them for our future
2 Despite of the increase in air fares , most people still prefer to travel by plane
3 Regardless of your teaching method , the objective of any conversation class should me for students to practice speaking words
4 The injured man was taken to the hospital
5 In order for one to achieve the desired results in this experiment , it is necessary that he work as fastly as possiable
Each of the following sentence has four words or phrases underlined. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A, B, C, D. You are to identify the one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten.
1. Preserving natural resources mean reserving them for our future.
A B C D
2. Despite of the increase in air fares, most people still prefer to travel by plane.
A...
Đọc tiếp
Each of the following sentence has four words or phrases underlined. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A, B, C, D. You are to identify the one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten.
1. Preserving natural resources mean reserving them for our future.
A B C D
2. Despite of the increase in air fares, most people still prefer to travel by plane.
A B C D
3. Regardless of your teaching method, the objective of any conversation class should be
A B
for students to practice speaking words.
C D
4. The injured man was taken to the hospital.
A B C D
5. In order for one to achieve the desired results in this experiment, it is necessary that
he work as fastly as possible.
A B C D
2. Read the text. Then answer the questions.
Beautiful Landscapes – More Than Just a Painting
When most people look at a painting of a sunset, they see a beautiful work of art. When Professor Christos Zerefos looks at a painting of a sunset, he sees valuable scientific evidence. He believes that these paintings contain important information about the effect of volcanoes on the climate.
Scientists know that after a volcanic eruption, sunsets are very red. This is caused from...
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2. Read the text. Then answer the questions.
|
Beautiful Landscapes – More Than Just a Painting When most people look at a painting of a sunset, they see a beautiful work of art. When Professor Christos Zerefos looks at a painting of a sunset, he sees valuable scientific evidence. He believes that these paintings contain important information about the effect of volcanoes on the climate. Scientists know that after a volcanic eruption, sunsets are very red. This is caused from the dust and ash that is sent into the sky. Volcanoes also lower the temperature of the Earth. Professor Zerefos and his team decided to study paintings of sunsets before and after volcanic eruptions. Red sunsets are a sign of polluted skies, so the scientists believed that landscapes that were painted around the times of major volcanic eruptions would have bright red sunsets. They wanted to use the paintings to measure how the volcanoes had affected the climate in the past. The team studied 500 watercolours and oils of sunsets that were painted between 1500 and 1900. The scientists used a computer to calculate the amount of red in each picture. They found that the sunsets that were painted after a volcanic eruption were bright red. Many scientists are not convinced by this theory. According to them, it is impossible to make scientific conclusions based on art that was painted so long ago, because it is possible that the colours have changed since they were originally painted. What is more, artists often try to make something look very impressive when they paint. As a result, they may not always paint an accurate picture of nature. Professor Zerefos disagrees. He is certain that artists accurately copy the actual colours of the sunsets they see. He is now studying paintings that were painted in the 20th century. So the next time you look at a painting of a beautiful sunset, examine the colours more carefully. |
1. Why did Professor Zerefos study paintings of sunsets?..................................................
2. Why are sunsets very red after a volcanic eruption?...................................................................
4. Explain the meaning of the title...............................................................................................
3. Complete first part of the sentences using the appropriate passive form of the verb in brackets. Then complete the second part of the sentences according to the information found in the text.
1. The Earth’s temperature ………………… (lower) by ................................................................... .
2. In the past, bright red sunsets ………………… (paint) ............................................................... .
3.More than 500 paintings of sunsets .............................................(examine).................................... .
3. In the study, a computer ………………… (use) to ..................................................................... .
4. According to some scientists, nature ………………… (not copy) ................................................ .
NHANH NHANH NHA, THỨ 7 TUẦN SAU MK NỘP BÀI RỒI.
I/ Use the correct form of the word in brackets for each gap1. Have you filled in the (apply) form for your passport yet?2. Theres an (door) swimming-pool in the city stadium3. passengers have to take their (person) belongings with them when they leave the plane4. (revise) is necessary, it helps you practice the words more timesII/ complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the box a...
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I/ Use the correct form of the word in brackets for each gap
1. Have you filled in the (apply) form for your passport yet?
2. There's an (door) swimming-pool in the city stadium
3. passengers have to take their (person) belongings with them when they leave the plane
4. (revise) is necessary, it helps you practice the words more times
II/ complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the box
answer, borrow, clean, come, eat, have, paint, read, sit, visit
5. let's hurry! we must the office before 9.00 this morning
6. we should a lot of vegetables to make our body healthy
7. when he asked Daisy the question, she was nervous
8. My niece hopes Disneyland next april
9. May I your bike this afternoon?
10. Our family dislike dinner late after 9.00
write a paragraph( 80-100 words) giving your opinion about the role of technology in education
Chia động từ cho đúng dạng:
1.Listen! I think someone ( Knock).............at the door.
2.People (leave)................before the volcano erupted.
3.The letter (send).............after I had finished it.
4. Anew textbook (publish)..........next year.
5.I detest (do)..............the washing up.
6.Paul: How old you (be)............ on your next birthday?
Jane: 14 years old. And i (invite)................some of my close friends to my birthday party in a cafe.
7.Yesterday, I ( spend)........
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Chia động từ cho đúng dạng:
1.Listen! I think someone ( Knock).............at the door.
2.People (leave)................before the volcano erupted.
3.The letter (send).............after I had finished it.
4. Anew textbook (publish)..........next year.
5.I detest (do)..............the washing up.
6.Paul: How old you (be)............ on your next birthday?
Jane: 14 years old. And i (invite)................some of my close friends to my birthday party in a cafe.
7.Yesterday, I ( spend)..........all the morning ( tidy).................... my room.
8.I often ( have to)...................look after my younger brother when mom went to work.
9. Where is your father?- He ( read)..............newspapers in the living room.
thank you very much!!^.^