11) a2 + 2ab + b2 - ac - bc
= (a +b)2 -c(a+b)
=(a + b)(a + b - c)
12) ac - bc - a2 + 2ab - b2
=c(a-b) -(a-b)2
=(a-b)(c-a+b)
13) (x - y + 5)2 - 2(x - y + 5).1 + 12
=(x - y + 5 -1)2
=(x - y + 4)2
14) x8 + x7 + 1
=x8 + x7 + 1 +x2 +x - x2 - x
=(x8 - x2) + (x7 - x) + (x2 +x +1)
=x2(x6 - 1) + x(x6 - 1) + (x2 + x + 1)
=x2(x3 - 1)(x3 + 1) +x (x3 - 1)(x3 + 1) + (x2 +x +1)
=x2(x-1)(x2 + x + 1)(x3 + 1) + x(x-1)(x2 + x + 1)(x3 + 1) +(x2 + x +1)
=(x2 + x +1)[ x2(x-1)(x3 + 1) + x(x-1)(x3 +1) +1]
=(x2 + x + 1)(x6 - x4 + x3 - x +1)
15) x8 + x4 +1
=x8 + 2x4 - x4 +1
=[(x4)2 + 2.x4.1 +12] - (x2)2
=(x4 +1)2 -(x2)2
=(x4 + 1 - x2)(x4 + 1 +x2)
=(x4 - x2 +1)(x4 + 2x2 +1 - x2)
=(x4 - x2 +1)[(x2+1)2 - x2]
=(x4 - x2 +1)(x2 - x+1)(x2 +x +1)
16) x5 + x + 1
=x5 +x +1 +x2 - x2
=(x5 - x2) + (x2 + x + 1)
=x2(x3 -1) + (x2 +x +1)
=x2(x-1)(x2+x+1) + (x2+x+1)
=(x2 +x+1)(x3- x2 +1)
17) x3 + x2 + 4
=x3 + 2x2 - x2 - 2x +2x + 4
=x2(x+2) - x(x+2) +2(x+2)
=(x+2)(x2 - x +2)
18) x4 + 2x2 - 24
=(x2)2 + 2.x2.1 +12 -25
=(x2 + 1) - 52
=(x2 +1 -5)(x2 +1 +5)
=(x2- 4)(x2 +6)
=(x-2)(x+2)(x2+6)