Xét tam giác ABC, ta có:

\(\widehat A + \widehat B + \widehat C = {180^o} \Rightarrow \frac{{\widehat A}}{2} + \frac{{\widehat B + \widehat C}}{2} = {90^o}\)

Do đó \(\frac{{\widehat A}}{2}\) và \(\frac{{\widehat B + \widehat C}}{2}\) là hai góc phụ nhau.

a) Ta có: \(\sin \frac{A}{2} = \cos \left( {{{90}^o} - \frac{A}{2}} \right) = \cos \frac{{B + C}}{2}\)

b) Ta có: \(\tan \frac{{B + C}}{2} = \cot \left( {{{90}^o} - \frac{{B + C}}{2}} \right) = \cot \frac{A}{2}\)

Áp dụng hệ quả của định lí sin và định lí cosin, ta có:

\(\frac{a}{{\sin A}} = 2R \Rightarrow \sin A = \frac{a}{{2R}}\)

và \(\cos A = \frac{{{b^2} + {c^2} - {a^2}}}{{2bc}}\)

\( \Rightarrow \cot A = \frac{{\cos A}}{{\sin A}} = \frac{{{b^2} + {c^2} - {a^2}}}{{2bc}}:\frac{a}{{2R}} = R.\frac{{{b^2} + {c^2} - {a^2}}}{{abc}}\)

Tương tự ta có: \(\cot B = R.\frac{{{a^2} + {c^2} - {b^2}}}{{abc}}\) và \(\cot C = R.\frac{{{a^2} + {b^2} - {c^2}}}{{abc}}\)

\(\begin{array}{l} \Rightarrow \cot A + \cot B + \cot C = \frac{R}{{abc}}\left[ {\left( {{b^2} + {c^2} - {a^2}} \right) + \left( {{a^2} + {c^2} - {b^2}} \right) + \left( {{a^2} + {b^2} - {c^2}} \right)} \right]\\ = \frac{R}{{abc}}\left( {2{b^2} + 2{c^2} + 2{a^2} - {a^2} - {c^2} - {b^2}} \right) = \frac{{R({a^2} + {b^2} + {c^2})}}{{abc}}\end{array}\)

a) Sin (B+C) = Sin (180-A) = Sin A
b) Cos (A+B) = Cos ( 180-A) = Cos A
c) Sin (\(\dfrac{B+C}{2}\)) = Sin \(\left(\dfrac{180-A}{2}\right)\)= Sin \(\left(90^0-\dfrac{A}{2}\right)\)= Cos \(\dfrac{A}{2}\)

d) Tan \(\left(\dfrac{A+C}{2}\right)\)= Tan\(\left(\dfrac{180-B}{2}\right)\)=Tan\(\left(90^0-\dfrac{B}{2}\right)\)= Cot \(\dfrac{B}{2}\)

Theo đầu bài ta có : \(\cot\frac{A}{2}+\cot\frac{C}{2}=2\cot\frac{B}{2}\Leftrightarrow\frac{\sin\frac{A+C}{2}}{\sin\frac{A}{2}\sin\frac{C}{2}}=2\frac{\cos\frac{B}{2}}{\sin\frac{B}{2}}=2\frac{\sin\frac{A+C}{2}}{\cos\frac{A+C}{2}}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sin\left(\frac{A+C}{2}\right)\cos\left(\frac{A+C}{2}\right)=2\sin\frac{A}{2}\sin\frac{C}{2}\sin\frac{A+C}{2}=\left(\cos\frac{A-C}{2}-\cos\frac{A+C}{2}\right)\sin\frac{A+C}{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2\sin\frac{A+C}{2}\cos\frac{A+C}{2}=\cos\frac{A-C}{2}\sin\frac{A+C}{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2\sin\left(A+C\right)=\frac{1}{2}\left(\sin A+\sin C\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sin A+\sin C=2\sin B\Rightarrow a+c=2b\)

Chứng tỏ 3 cạnh của tam giác lập thành cấp số cộng

a) Do AM là trung tuyến nên BM = MC

Ta có :  \(HC-HB-2HM\)

\(=HM+MC-HB-HM-HM\)

\(=MC-HB-HM\)

\(=MC-\left(HB+HM\right)\)

\(=MC-MB=0\)

\(\Rightarrow HC-HB=2MC\left(đpcm\right)\)

b) Xét  \(\Delta AHM\)có  \(\tan a=\frac{HM}{AH}\)

Xét  \(\Delta AHC\)có  \(\cot C=\frac{HC}{AH}\)

Xét  \(\Delta AHB\)có  \(\cot B=\frac{HB}{AH}\)

Ta có :  \(\frac{\cot C-\cot B}{2}=\left(\frac{HC}{AH}-\frac{HB}{AH}\right)\div2=\frac{HC-HB}{AH}\div2\)

Mà  \(HC-HB=2HM\)( câu a )

\(\Rightarrow\frac{\cot C-\cot B}{2}=\frac{2HM}{AH}\div2=\frac{HM}{AH}=\tan a\left(đpcm\right)\)

Vậy ...

Nếu 3 cạnh a, b, c lập thành cấp số cộng thì ta có a + c = 2b

\(\Leftrightarrow\sin A+\sin C=2\sin B\Leftrightarrow2\sin\frac{A+C}{2}\cos\frac{A-C}{2}=4\sin\frac{B}{2}\cos\frac{B}{2}\left(1\right)\)

Vì \(A+C=180^0-B\Rightarrow\frac{A+C}{2}=90^0-\frac{B}{2}\)

<=> \(\sin\frac{A+C}{2}=\sin\left(90^0-\frac{B}{2}\right)=\cos\frac{B}{2}\) hoặc \(\cos\frac{A+C}{2}=\cos\left(90^0-\frac{B}{2}\right)=\sin\frac{B}{2}\) (*)

Do đó (1) trở thành :

\(\Leftrightarrow\sin\frac{A+C}{2}\cos\frac{A-C}{2}=2\sin\frac{A+C}{2}\cos\frac{A+C}{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\cos\frac{A-C}{2}=2\sin\frac{B}{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\cos\frac{A-C}{2}=2\cos\frac{A+C}{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\cos\frac{A}{2}\cos\frac{C}{2}+\sin\frac{A}{2}\sin\frac{C}{2}=2\cos\frac{A}{2}\cos\frac{C}{2}-2\sin\frac{A}{2}\sin\frac{C}{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\cos\frac{A}{2}\cos\frac{C}{2}=3\sin\frac{A}{2}\sin\frac{C}{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\cot\frac{A}{2}\cot\frac{C}{2}=3\) => Điều phải chứng minh