7. Look at the highlighted examples of non-defining relative clauses in the text. Circle the correct words below. 

(Nhìn vào các ví dụ được tô sáng về mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định trong văn bản. Khoanh tròn các từ đúng dưới đây.)

LEARN THIS! Non-defining relative clauses

a. In non-defining relative clauses, we use who, which, where and whose, but we do not use that.

b. A non-defining relative clause: 

comes immediately (1) before / after a noun and gives us information about that noun.

adds extra information to the sentence; the sentence (2) makes sense / does not make sense without it.

(3) has / doesn't have a comma at the start. It has a comma or a full stop at the end.

 Read the text and complete the table below with information from the text. Use no more than TWO words or a number in each gap.

                                                   UK EDUCATION AFTER SECONDARY SCHOOL

In the UK, students can choose to end their formal education at 16, but in England they must stay in full-time education or do a training course until the age of 18.

Many 16-year-old students go on to study at different vocational colleges. Vocational education usually lasts up to three years. During this time, students learn job-specific skills. That is why vocational education is often referred to as career education or technical education. Many students still go on to higher education after receiving their vocational qualifications.

Alternatively, students can go toa sixth-form college or stay at their secondary school if it offers a sixth form for two more years. Students usually focus on three or four subjects that they are interested in or related to the degree they want to study at university. Exams are taken at the end of the two-year course, and the grades are used to apply for university courses. Not all students leaving sixth form go to university. Some prefer to get into a vocational course or find a job.

At university, students study for at least three years in order to get a bachelor’s degree. After the first degree, they can study for one to two years to get a master’s degree, and three to five years to get a doctorate. 

3. Read the Learn this! box. Then find the opposites of the adjectives below in the text in exercise 2.

(Đọc hộp Learn this! Sau đó tìm các tính từ bên dưới trong bài đọc trong bài 2.)

LEARN THIS! Negative prefixes: un-, in-, im-, ir-, ii- and dis- 

The prefixes un-, in-, im-, ir-, ii- and dis- are.negative. When they come before an adjective, they make its meaning opposite.

(Tiền tố un-, in-, im-, ir-, ii-, và dis- mang nghĩa phủ định. Khi chúng đi trước tính từ, nó làm chúng có nghĩa ngược lại.)

certain - uncertain (chắc chắn - không chắc chắn)

patient - impatient (kiên nhẫn - không kiên nhẫn)

honest - dishonest (chân thành - không chân thành)

responsible- irresponsible (có trách nhiệm - vô trách nhiệm)

acceptable _____

legal _____

dependent _____

likely _____

fair _____

surprising ______

honest _____

visible _____

IV. Read the text below. Complete the gaps (1-3) with appropriate words A-F from the box to obtain a
grammatically and lexically correct text. Fill in the gaps with appropriate letters. There are three
extra words that do not match any of the gaps.

A. invented

B. designed

C. discovered

D. planned

E. first

F. early

CALENDARS
These days, everybody uses calendars to note important dates like birthdays, but when did we start
measuring time?
Until recently, experts believed that people in the Near East made the 1) ………………..……. calendar
5,000 years ago. However, they then 2) ………………..……. an ancient site in Scotland from over
10,000 years ago. At the site, there were 12 holes in the ground. Scientists think that people
3) ………………..……. them to track the movement of the Moon and measure time. It’s an exciting discovery because it shows that people had calendars many centuries ago.

6. Work in pairs. Read the task below. Agree with your partner and make notes in the chart below. Present your ideas.

(Làm việc theo cặp. Đọc đề bài bên dưới. Đồng ý với bạn của bạn và ghi chú thích trong bảng dưới. Trình bày ý tưởng của bạn.)

You and a group of friends are deciding what to do on the Saturday night after your last exam. Decide on an activity, the type of food you will eat, and where and when you will meet.

(Bạn và một nhóm bạn đang quyết định làm gì vào tối thứ 7 sau kì thi cuối cùng. Quyết định dựa vào một hoạt động, loại đồ ăn sẽ ăn và gặp nhau ở đâu và khi nào.)

8. Complete the text with the clauses below (a-f). Add the correct relative pronoun to the start of each clause.

(Hoàn thành văn bản với các mệnh đề bên dưới (a-f). Thêm đại từ tương đối đúng vào đầu mỗi mệnh đề.)

We walked up the steps and knocked on the door, (1) _____. For a minute or two, we heard nothing. Then Alex, (2) _____, knocked again. Almost immediately the door opened. There stood a man in a formal, black suit (3) _____. He smiled and invited us into the hall, (4) _____. "Lord Bingley, will be here shortly," said the man and left. I took out my phone (5) _____, but the battery was completely dead. You should've recharged it," said Alex, (6) _____. "I did," I said. "Something strange is happening." 

a. I always carried in my pocket 

b. was probably in fashion a hundred years ago 

c. we stood and looked at the paintings on the wall 

d. was heavy, dark and wooden 

e.  footsteps echoed loudly as he explored the impressive room 

f.  had insisted on coming with me

Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only ONE word in each gap.

Until the late 1920s, motion pictures were silent except (1) ________ the musical accompaniment

provided by theater owners in the form of live orchestras. Up (2) ________ this point, movies had enjoyed a wide

degree of popularity, but they still remained a secondary form of entertainment, largely (3) ________ to their lack

of sound. Everything changed (4) ________ 1926 when Warner Brothers introduced a new sound-on-disc system.

In this system, sound effects and music were (5) ________ on wax record. In order to exhibit this new (6)

________, Warner Brothers showed “Don Juan”, the first (7) ________ picture to have a pre-recorded score and

sound effects. Although “Don Juan” was enjoyed very much, many movie studios still refused to adapt (8)

________ talking picture technology, believing that “talkies” would never replace silent pictures. (9) ________,

“The Jazz Singer”, an interesting film with sound, in October (10) ________ 1927 changed these options, and in

doing so, changed the history of motion pictures forever.

• For questions (1 - 8), read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).

                                                                                                      BLUE DIAMONDS

  Blue diamonds are the world’s most expensive diamonds, with some valued (0) ...... AT....... over 350 million US dollars. However, no one knew (1) ............... recently precisely where these rare stones came from.

  Most diamonds are formed from pure carbon under extreme heat 150 to 200 kilometers underground, and (2) ............... is thought that volcanic eruptions bring them to the earth’s surface. Research by scientists has revealed, however, that blue diamonds were probably formed somewhere (3) ............... 600 and 800 kilometers down, in a part of the earth’s interior known (4) ............... the lower mantle.

  These researchers analyzed 46 blue diamonds, all of (5) .............. contained minerals only found in the lower mantle. (6) .............. only were these stones formed four times nearer the earth’s core (7) ............... normal diamonds, but they also contain an element called boron that is mostly found on the earth’s surface. What seems to have happened, (8) ............... to the researchers, is that billions of years ago, rocks containing boron were carried down into the lower mantle by movements of the earth’s tectonic plates, and were eventually returned to the surface by volcanic action.