\(1^2+2^2+...+n^2=1+2\left(1+1\right)+...+n\left(n-1+1\right)=1+2+1.2+3+2.3+...+n+\left(n-1\right)n\)

\(=\left(1+2+3+...+n\right)+\left[1.2+2.3+...+\left(n-1\right)n\right]=\dfrac{\left(n+1\right)\left(\dfrac{n-1}{1}+1\right)}{2}+\dfrac{1.2.3+2.3.3+...+\left(n-1\right)n.3}{3}=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)}{2}+\dfrac{1.2.3+2.3.\left(4-1\right)+...+\left(n-1\right)n\left[\left(n+1\right)-\left(n-2\right)\right]}{3}\)

\(=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)}{2}+\dfrac{1.2.3-1.2.3+2.3.4-...-\left(n-2\right)\left(n-1\right)n+\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)}{3}\)

\(=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)}{2}+\dfrac{\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)}{3}=\dfrac{3n\left(n+1\right)+2\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)}{6}=\dfrac{2n^3+3n^2+n}{6}=\dfrac{1}{3}n^3+\dfrac{1}{2}n^2+\dfrac{1}{6}n=\dfrac{1}{3}n\left(n^2+\dfrac{3}{2}n+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)=\dfrac{1}{3}n\left(n+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\left(n+1\right)\)

Lời giải:

\(u_{n+1}=\frac{n+2}{2^{n+2}}\left(\frac{2}{1}+...+\frac{2^{n+1}}{n+1}\right)=\frac{n+2}{2^{n+1}}\left(\frac{2^{n+1}}{n+1}u_n+\frac{2^{n+1}}{n+1}\right)=\frac{n+2}{2n+2}(u_n+1)\)

Ta chứng minh $u_n\geq 1(*)$ với mọi $n=1,2,...$

Thật vậy: 

$u_1=1; u_2=\frac{3}{2}>1$. Giả sử $(*)$ đúng đến $n=k$

$u_{k+1}=\frac{k+2}{2k+2}(u_k+1)>\frac{2(k+2)}{2k+2}>1$

Do đó $u_n\geq 1$ với mọi $n=1,2,...$

Tiếp theo ta chứng minh $u_n< 1+\frac{4}{n}(**)$ với mọi $n=1,2,...$

Thật vậy:

$u_1=1< 1+\frac{4}{1}$

$u_2=\frac{3}{2}< 1+\frac{4}{2};....;u_4=\frac{5}{3}<1+\frac{4}{4}$

....

Giả sử $(**)$ đúng đến $n=k\geq 5$. Khi đó:

\(u_{k+1}=\frac{k+2}{2k+2}(u_k+1)<\frac{k+2}{2k+2}(2+\frac{4}{k})=\frac{(k+2)^2}{k(k+1)}\)

\(\frac{(k+2)^2}{k(k+1)}-(1+\frac{4}{k+1})=\frac{(k+2)^2-k(k+5)}{k(k+1)}=\frac{4-k}{k(k+1)}<0\) với mọi $k\geq 5$

$\Rightarrow u_{k+1}< 1+\frac{4}{k+1}$. Phép quy nạp hoàn tất.

Do đó $(**)$ đúng

Từ $(*); (**)\Rightarrow 1\leq u_n\leq 1+\frac{4}{n}$ với mọi $n=1,2,...$

Mà $\lim (1+\frac{4}{n})=1$ khi $n\to +\infty$ nên $\lim u_n=1$

Đặt :

\(A=\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{2^3}+\dfrac{1}{2^4}+................+\dfrac{1}{2^n}\)

\(\Rightarrow2A=1+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{2^3}+.........+\dfrac{1}{2^{n-1}}\)

\(\Rightarrow2A-A=\left(1+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+..........+\dfrac{1}{2^{n-1}}\right)-\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+............+\dfrac{1}{2^n}\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow A=1-\dfrac{1}{2^n}< 1\)

\(\Rightarrow A< 1\rightarrowđpcm\)

Vậy \(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{2^3}+...............+\dfrac{1}{2^n}< 1\rightarrowđpcm\)

Ta thấy :

\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}< \dfrac{1}{1.2}\)

\(\dfrac{1}{3^2}< \dfrac{1}{2.3}\)

................

\(\dfrac{1}{2^n}< \dfrac{1}{n.\left(n-1\right)}\)

\(\)- > \(\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{2^n}< \dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{\left(n-1\right).n}\)= \(1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{n-1}-\dfrac{1}{n}\)= \(1-\dfrac{1}{n}< 1\left(ĐPCM\right)\)

Vậy

Câu hỏi của Cường Hoàng - Toán lớp 9 | Học trực tuyến

Áp dụng : \(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}>2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)\)

\(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n-1}}+...+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+1>2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)+2\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)+...+2\left(\sqrt{4}-\sqrt{3}\right)+2\left(\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}\right)+2\left(\sqrt{2}-1\right).\)

\(=2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-1\right).\)

2:

\(B=\left(\dfrac{1}{2^2}-1\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{3^2}-1\right)\cdot...\cdot\left(\dfrac{1}{100^2}-1\right)\)

\(=\left(\dfrac{1}{2}-1\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+1\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{3}-1\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{3}+1\right)\cdot...\cdot\left(\dfrac{1}{100}-1\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{100}+1\right)\)

\(=\left(\dfrac{1}{2}-1\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{3}-1\right)\cdot...\cdot\left(\dfrac{1}{100}-1\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+1\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{3}+1\right)\cdot...\cdot\left(\dfrac{1}{100}+1\right)\)

\(=\dfrac{-1}{2}\cdot\dfrac{-2}{3}\cdot...\cdot\dfrac{-99}{100}\cdot\dfrac{3}{2}\cdot\dfrac{4}{3}\cdot...\cdot\dfrac{101}{100}\)

\(=-\dfrac{1}{100}\cdot\dfrac{101}{2}=\dfrac{-101}{200}< -\dfrac{100}{200}=-\dfrac{1}{2}\)

Câu b hướng làm đó là tách con 1/3 và 1/2 ra thành 50 phân số giống nhau. E tách 1/3=50/150 rồi so sánh 1/101, 1/102,...,1/149 với 1/150. Còn vế sau 1/2=50/100 tách tương tự rồi so sánh thôi

2a.

$\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{50^2}$

$< \frac{1}{1.2}+\frac{1}{2.3}+....+\frac{1}{49.50}$

$=\frac{2-1}{1.2}+\frac{3-2}{2.3}+...+\frac{50-49}{49.50}$

$=1-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+....+\frac{1}{49}-\frac{1}{50}$
$=1-\frac{1}{50}< 1$ (đpcm)

2b.

Gọi tổng trên là $T$

Chứng minh vế đầu tiên:

Ta có:

$\frac{1}{101}> \frac{1}{150}$

$\frac{1}{102}> \frac{1}{150}$

....

$\frac{1}{149}> \frac{1}{150}$

$\Rightarrow T> \underbrace{\frac{1}{150}+\frac{1}{150}+...+\frac{1}{150}}_{50}=\frac{50}{150}=\frac{1}{3}$ (đpcm)

Chứng minh vế số 2:

$\frac{1}{101}< \frac{1}{100}$

$\frac{1}{102}< \frac{1}{100}$

....

$\frac{1}{150}< \frac{1}{100}$

$\Rightarrow T< \underbrace{\frac{1}{100}+\frac{1}{100}+....+\frac{1}{100}}_{50}=\frac{50}{100}=\frac{1}{2}$ (đpcm)