Dễ dàng nhận thấy \(u_n\) là dãy dương

Ta sẽ chứng minh \(u_n< 2\) ; \(\forall n\)

Với \(n=1\Rightarrow u_1=\sqrt{2}< 2\) (thỏa mãn)

Giả sử điều đó đúng với \(n=k\) hay \(u_k< 2\)

Ta cần chứng minh \(u_{k+1}< 2\)

Thật vậy, \(u_{k+1}=\sqrt{u_k+2}< \sqrt{2+2}=2\) (đpcm)

Do đó dãy bị chặn trên bởi 2

Lại có: \(u_{n+1}-u_u=\sqrt{u_n+2}-u_n=\dfrac{u_n+2-u_n^2}{\sqrt{u_n+2}+u_n}=\dfrac{\left(u_n+1\right)\left(2-u_n\right)}{\sqrt{u_n+2}+u_n}>0\) (do \(u_n< 2\))

\(\Rightarrow u_{n+1}>u_n\Rightarrow\) dãy tăng

Dãy tăng và bị chặn trên nên có giới hạn hữu hạn. Gọi giới hạn đó là k>0

Lấy giới hạn 2 vế giả thiết:

\(\lim\left(u_{n+1}\right)=\lim\left(\sqrt{u_n+2}\right)\Leftrightarrow k=\sqrt{k+2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow k^2-k-2=0\Rightarrow k=2\)

Vậy \(\lim\left(u_n\right)=2\)

Dạng \(u_{n+1}=\dfrac{au_n+b}{cu_n+d}\) này có 1 cách làm chung:

Đặt \(v_n=u_n+k\) với k sao cho sau khi chuyển vế rút gọn thì tử số của \(\dfrac{au_n+b}{cu_n+d}\) triệt tiêu mất số hạng tự do b là được.

Ví dụ ở bài này, ta đặt ra nháp:

\(u_n=v_n+k\Rightarrow v_{n+1}+k=\dfrac{4\left(v_n+k\right)+2}{v_n+3+k}\)

\(\Rightarrow v_{n+1}=\dfrac{4v_n+4k+2}{v_n+k+3}-k=\dfrac{4v_n+4k+2-k\left(v_n+k+3\right)}{v_n+k+3}\)

\(=\dfrac{\left(4-k\right)v_n+2-k^2+k}{v_n+k+3}\)

Cần k sao cho \(-k^2+k+2=0\Rightarrow k=-1\) (lấy số nhỏ cho gọn). Vậy là xong. Thực tế ta làm như sau:

Đặt \(u_n=v_n-1\Rightarrow v_1=u_1+1=4\)

\(v_{n+1}-1=\dfrac{4\left(v_n-1\right)+2}{v_n+2}\Rightarrow v_{n+1}=\dfrac{4v_n-2}{v_n+2}+1=\dfrac{5v_n}{v_n+2}\)

(sau đó nghịch đảo 2 vế):

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{v_{n+1}}=\dfrac{v_n+2}{5v_n}=\dfrac{2}{5}.\dfrac{1}{v_n}+\dfrac{1}{5}\)

(Đây là gần như 1 dãy bình thường rồi)

(Tiếp tục đặt \(\dfrac{1}{v_n}=x_n+k\) sao cho triệt tiêu nốt số hạng \(\dfrac{1}{5}\) bên phải đi:

\(x_{n+1}+k=\dfrac{2}{5}\left(x_n+k\right)+\dfrac{1}{5}\Rightarrow x_{n+1}=\dfrac{2}{5}.x_n+\dfrac{2k}{5}+\dfrac{1}{5}-k\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{2k}{5}+\dfrac{1}{5}-k=0\Rightarrow k=\dfrac{1}{3}\))

Đặt \(\dfrac{1}{v_n}=x_n+\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow x_1=\dfrac{1}{v_1}-\dfrac{1}{3}=\dfrac{1}{4}-\dfrac{1}{3}=-\dfrac{1}{12}\)

\(\Rightarrow x_{n+1}+\dfrac{1}{3}=\dfrac{2}{5}\left(x_n+\dfrac{1}{3}\right)+\dfrac{1}{5}\Leftrightarrow x_{n+1}=\dfrac{2}{5}x_n\)

Đây là công thức cấp số nhân dạng , do đó ta có: \(x_n=-\dfrac{1}{12}.\left(\dfrac{2}{5}\right)^{n-1}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{v_n}=x_n+\dfrac{1}{3}=-\dfrac{1}{12}.\left(\dfrac{2}{5}\right)^{n-1}+\dfrac{1}{3}=-\dfrac{2^{n-1}}{12.5^{n-1}}+\dfrac{4.5^{n-1}}{12}=\dfrac{4.5^{n-1}-2^{n-1}}{12.5^{n-1}}\)

\(\Rightarrow v_n=\dfrac{12.5^{n-1}}{4.5^{n-1}-2^{n-1}}\)

\(\Rightarrow u_n=v_n-1=\dfrac{12.5^{n-1}}{4.5^{n-1}-2^{n-1}}-1\)

\(lim\left(u_n+4\right)=lim\left(\dfrac{12.5^{n-1}}{4.5^{n-1}-2^{n-1}}+3\right)=\dfrac{12}{4}+3=6\)

Đây là cách làm cơ bản, còn trên thực tế, khi trắc nghiệm chỉ cần đơn giản như sau:

Giả sử \(lim\left(u_n\right)=a\), hiển nhiên dãy đã cho dương nên a dương

Lấy giới hạn 2 vế giả thiết:

\(lim\left(u_{n+1}\right)=lim\left(\dfrac{4u_n+2}{u_n+3}\right)\Rightarrow a=\dfrac{4a+2}{a+3}\)

\(\Rightarrow a^2+3a=4a+2\)

\(\Rightarrow a^2-a-2=0\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}a=-1\\a=2\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow a=2\)

\(\Rightarrow lim\left(u_n+4\right)=2+4=6\)

Nhanh hơn khoảng 1 tỉ lần :D

\(u_{n+1}=\dfrac{u_n}{u_n+1}\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{u_{n+1}}=\dfrac{1}{u_n}+1\)

Đặt \(\dfrac{1}{u_n}=v_n\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}v_1=\dfrac{1}{u_1}=1\\v_{n+1}=v_n+1\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow v_n\) là CSC với công sai \(d=1\Rightarrow v_n=v_1+\left(n-1\right).1=n\)

\(\Rightarrow u_n=\dfrac{1}{n}\)

\(\Rightarrow u_n+1=\dfrac{n+1}{n}\)

\(\lim\dfrac{2014\left(\dfrac{2}{1}\right)\left(\dfrac{3}{2}\right)\left(\dfrac{4}{3}\right)...\left(\dfrac{n+1}{n}\right)}{2015n}=\lim\dfrac{2014\left(n+1\right)}{2015n}=\dfrac{2014}{2015}\)

Đặt \(v_n=u_n^2\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}v_1=2851\\v_{n+1}=v_n+n\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}v_1=2851\\v_{n+1}-\dfrac{1}{2}\left(n+1\right)^2+\dfrac{1}{2}\left(n+1\right)=v_n-\dfrac{1}{2}n^2+\dfrac{1}{2}n\end{matrix}\right.\)

Đặt \(v_n-\dfrac{1}{2}n^2+\dfrac{1}{2}n=x_n\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x_1=2851\\x_{n+1}=x_n=...=x_1=2851\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow v_n=\dfrac{1}{2}n^2-\dfrac{1}{2}n+2851\)

\(\Rightarrow u_n=\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{2}n^2-\dfrac{1}{2}n+2851}\Rightarrow u_{2020}=1429\)

Từ công thức truy hồi ta được:

\(u_n=sin1+\dfrac{sin2}{2^2}+\dfrac{sin3}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{sinn}{n^2}\)

\(\Rightarrow\left|u_n\right|=\left|sin1+\dfrac{sin2}{2^2}+...+\dfrac{sinn}{n^2}\right|\le\left|sin1\right|+\left|\dfrac{sin2}{2^2}\right|+...+\left|\dfrac{sinn}{n^2}\right|\)

\(\Rightarrow\left|u_n\right|< \left|1\right|+\left|\dfrac{1}{2^2}\right|+\left|\dfrac{1}{3^2}\right|+...+\left|\dfrac{1}{n^2}\right|=1+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{n^2}\)

Lại có:

\(1+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{n^2}< 1+\dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+...+\dfrac{1}{\left(n-1\right)n}=2-\dfrac{1}{n}< 2\)

\(\Rightarrow\left|u_n\right|< 2\Rightarrow u_n\) là dãy bị chặn

Với \(n>1\): 

\(n\left(n^2-1\right)u_n=u_1+2u_2+...+\left(n-1\right)u_{n-1}\) (1)

\(\Leftrightarrow n^3-n.u_n=u_1+2u_2+...+\left(n-1\right)u_{n-1}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow n^3.u_n=u_1+2u_2+...+\left(n-1\right)u_{n-1}+n.u_n\) (2)

Thay n bởi \(n-1\) vào (2):

\(\Rightarrow\left(n-1\right)^3u_{n-1}=u_1+2u_2+...+\left(n-1\right)u_{n-1}\) (3)

Từ (1) và (3):

\(\Rightarrow n\left(n^2-1\right)u_n=\left(n-1\right)^2u_{n-1}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow n\left(n+1\right)u_n=\left(n-1\right)^2u_{n-1}\)

\(\Rightarrow u_n=\dfrac{\left(n-1\right)^2}{\left(n+1\right)n}u_{n-1}=\dfrac{\left(n-1\right)^2}{\left(n+1\right)n}.\dfrac{\left(n-2\right)^2}{n\left(n-1\right)}u_{n-2}=...=\dfrac{\left(n-1\right)^2\left(n-2\right)^2....1^2}{\left(n+1\right)n.n\left(n-1\right)...3.2}u_1\)

\(\Rightarrow u_n=\dfrac{\left[\left(n-1\right)!\right]^2}{\dfrac{\left(n+1\right).n^2\left[\left(n-1\right)!\right]^2}{2}}u_1=\dfrac{4}{n^2\left(n+1\right)}\) 

Công thức này chỉ đúng với \(n\ge2\)

Số xấu thế nhỉ?

\(u_n=v_n+\dfrac{\sqrt{5}-3}{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow v_{n+1}+\dfrac{\sqrt{5}-3}{2}=-\dfrac{1}{3+v_n+\dfrac{\sqrt{5}-3}{2}}\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}v_1=u_1-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}-3}{2}=\dfrac{5-\sqrt{5}}{2}\\v_{n+1}=\dfrac{\dfrac{3-\sqrt{5}}{2}v_n}{\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{2}+v_n}\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(v_n=\dfrac{1}{y_n}\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{y_{n+1}}=\dfrac{\dfrac{3-\sqrt{5}}{2}.\dfrac{1}{y_n}}{\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{2}+\dfrac{1}{y_n}}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{y_{n+1}}=\dfrac{3-\sqrt{5}}{2y_n\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{2}+\dfrac{1}{y_n}\right)}=\dfrac{3-\sqrt{5}}{\left(3+\sqrt{5}\right)y_n+2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow y_{n+1}=\dfrac{\left(3+\sqrt{5}\right)y_n}{3-\sqrt{5}}+\dfrac{2}{3-\sqrt{5}}\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}y_1=\dfrac{1}{v_1}=\dfrac{2}{5-\sqrt{5}}\\y_{n+1}=\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}y_n+\dfrac{2}{3-\sqrt{5}}\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(z_n=y_n+\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}z_1=y_1+\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}=\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\\z_{n+1}=\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}z_n\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow z_n:csn-co:\left\{{}\begin{matrix}z_1=\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\\q=\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow z_{n+1}=\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}.\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n\)

\(\Rightarrow y_{n+1}=z_{n+1}-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}=\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}\)

\(v_{n+1}=\dfrac{1}{y_{n+1}}=\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}}\)

\(u_{n+1}=v_{n+1}+\dfrac{\sqrt{5}-3}{2}=\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}}+\dfrac{\sqrt{5}-3}{2}\)

Xét: 

\(u_{n+2}-u_{n+1}=\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}.\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n.\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}}+\dfrac{\sqrt{5}-2}{2}-\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}}-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}-2}{2}\)

\(=\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n.\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}}-\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}}\)

\(=\dfrac{\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n-\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n.\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)}{.....}\)

\(=\dfrac{\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n\left(1-\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)}{....}=\dfrac{\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n.\left(-\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)}{...}< 0\)

\(\Rightarrow\) dãy giảm

\(\Rightarrow u_1>u_2>....>u_n\)

\(\Rightarrow\lim\limits u_n=1\)

Bn tham khảo đây nhé: https://diendantoanhoc.org/topic/140204-t%C3%A0i-li%E1%BB%87u-d%C3%A3y-s%E1%BB%91/