+) \(\left( {\overrightarrow {AB} ,\overrightarrow {AC} } \right) = \widehat {ABC} = 60^\circ \)

+) Dựng hình bình hành ABCD, ta có: \(\overrightarrow {AD}  = \overrightarrow {BC} \)

\( \Rightarrow \left( {\overrightarrow {AB} ,\overrightarrow {BC} } \right) = \left( {\overrightarrow {AB} ,\overrightarrow {AD} } \right) = \widehat {BAD} = 120^\circ \)

+), Ta có: ABC là tam giác đều, H là trung điểm BC nên  \(AH \bot BC\)

\(\left( {\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {BC} } \right) = \left( {\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {AD} } \right) = \widehat {HAD} = 90^\circ \)

+) Hai vectơ \(\overrightarrow {BH} \) và \(\overrightarrow {BC} \)cùng hướng nên \(\left( {\overrightarrow {BH} ,\overrightarrow {BC} } \right) = 0^\circ \)

+) Hai vectơ \(\overrightarrow {HB} \) và \(\overrightarrow {BC} \)ngược hướng nên \(\left( {\overrightarrow {HB} ,\overrightarrow {BC} } \right) = 180^\circ \)

Tham khảo:

a)  \(\)\(\overrightarrow {BA}  + \overrightarrow {AC}  = \overrightarrow {BC}  \Rightarrow \left| {\overrightarrow {BC} } \right| = BC = a\)

b) Dựng hình bình hành ABDC, giao điểm của hai đường chéo là O ta có:

\(\overrightarrow {AB}  + \overrightarrow {AC}  = \overrightarrow {AD} \)

\(AD = 2AO = 2\sqrt {A{B^2} - B{O^2}}  = 2\sqrt {{a^2} - {{\left( {\frac{a}{2}} \right)}^2}}  = a\sqrt 3 \)

\( \Rightarrow \left| {\overrightarrow {AB}  + \overrightarrow {AC} } \right| = \left| {\overrightarrow {AD} } \right| = AD = a\sqrt 3 \)

c) \(\overrightarrow {BA}  - \overrightarrow {BC}  = \overrightarrow {BA}  + \overrightarrow {CB}  = \overrightarrow {CB}  + \overrightarrow {BA}  = \overrightarrow {CA} \)

\( \Rightarrow \left| {\overrightarrow {BA}  - \overrightarrow {BC} } \right| = \left| {\overrightarrow {CA} } \right| = CA = a\)

a. \(=\widehat{ABC}=60^o\)

b. \(=120^o\)

c. \(=30^o\)

a) Vẽ vecto \(\overrightarrow {BD}  = \overrightarrow {CB} \). Ta có:

\((\overrightarrow {CB} ,\overrightarrow {BA} ) = (\overrightarrow {BD} ,\overrightarrow {BA} ) = \widehat {DBA} = {120^o}\)

Vậy \(\overrightarrow {CB} .\overrightarrow {BA}  = \left| {\overrightarrow {CB} } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow {BA} } \right|\cos (\overrightarrow {CB} ,\overrightarrow {BA} ) = a.a.\cos {120^o} = {a^2}.\left( { - \frac{1}{2}} \right) =  - \frac{{{a^2}}}{2}.\)

b) Vì \(AH \bot BC\) nên \[(\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {BC} ) = {90^o}\], suy ra \(\cos (\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {BC} ) = \cos {90^o} = 0.\)

Vậy \(\overrightarrow {AH} .\overrightarrow {BC}  = \left| {\overrightarrow {AH} } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow {BC} } \right|.\cos (\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {BC} ) = 0.\)

Có vẻ không đúng.

Giả sử \(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{MB}+\overrightarrow{MA}=\overrightarrow{0}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{MB}+\left(\overrightarrow{MA}+\overrightarrow{AB}\right)=\overrightarrow{0}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{MB}+\overrightarrow{MB}=\overrightarrow{0}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2\overrightarrow{MB}=\overrightarrow{0}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow M\equiv B\) (Vô lí)

Hình vẽ:

a, Chứng minh \(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BM}+\overrightarrow{MA}=\overrightarrow{0}\)

Ta có \(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BM}+\overrightarrow{MA}=\overrightarrow{BM}+\left(\overrightarrow{MA}+\overrightarrow{AB}\right)=\overrightarrow{BM}+\overrightarrow{MB}=\overrightarrow{0}\)

b, Gọi H là trung điểm \(MC\)

Ta có \(AM=\sqrt{AC^2-MC^2}=\sqrt{4a^2-a^2}=a\sqrt{3}\)

\(AH=\sqrt{AM^2+MH^2}=\sqrt{\left(a\sqrt{3}\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{a}{2}\right)^2}=a.\dfrac{\sqrt{13}}{2}\)

\(\left|\overrightarrow{AM}+\overrightarrow{AC}\right|=\left|2\overrightarrow{AH}\right|=2AH=a\sqrt{13}\)

c, Gọi D là trung điểm AB

\(3\overrightarrow{NA}+3\overrightarrow{NB}+2\overrightarrow{NC}=3\left(\overrightarrow{NA}+\overrightarrow{NB}\right)+2\overrightarrow{NC}=6\overrightarrow{ND}+2\overrightarrow{NC}=\overrightarrow{0}\)

\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{NC}=3\overrightarrow{DN}\)

Vậy N thuộc đoạn CD sao cho \(CN=\dfrac{3}{4}CD\)

Ta có: \(AC = BD = \sqrt {A{B^2} + B{C^2}}  = \sqrt {{a^2} + {a^2}}  = a\sqrt 2 \)

+) \(AB \bot AD \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AB}  \bot \overrightarrow {AD}  \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {AD}  = 0\)

+) \(\overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {AC}  = \left| {\overrightarrow {AB} } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow {AC} } \right|.\cos \left( {\overrightarrow {AB} ,\overrightarrow {AC} } \right) = a.a\sqrt 2.\cos 45^\circ  = a^2\)

+) \(\overrightarrow {AC} .\overrightarrow {CB}  = \left| {\overrightarrow {AC} } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow {CB} } \right|.\cos \left( {\overrightarrow {AC} ,\overrightarrow {CB} } \right) = a\sqrt 2 .a.\cos 135^\circ  =  - {a^2}\)

+) \(AC \bot BD \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AC}  \bot \overrightarrow {BD}  \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AC} .\overrightarrow {BD}  = 0\)

Chú ý

\(\overrightarrow {a}  \bot \overrightarrow {b}  \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow {a} .\overrightarrow {b}  = 0\)

Kẻ trung tuyến AM, BN

a, \(\left|\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AC}\right|=\left|2\overrightarrow{AM}\right|=2AM\)

\(=2\sqrt{AB^2-\frac{1}{4}BC^2}=2\sqrt{a^2-\frac{1}{4}a^2}=\sqrt{3}.a\)

b, \(\left|\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{CB}\right|=\left|-2\overrightarrow{AN}\right|=2AN=\sqrt{3}.a\)

c, \(\left|\overrightarrow{GB}+\overrightarrow{GC}\right|=\left|2\overrightarrow{GM}\right|=\left|\frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AM}\right|=\frac{2}{3}AM=\frac{2}{3}.\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}a=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}a\)

d, \(\left|\overrightarrow{AB}-\overrightarrow{AC}\right|=\left|\overrightarrow{CB}\right|=CB=a\)

\(T=\overrightarrow{GA}\left(\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AC}\right)+\overrightarrow{GB}.\overrightarrow{CA}+\overrightarrow{GC}.\overrightarrow{AB}\)

\(=\overrightarrow{AB}\left(\overrightarrow{GC}-\overrightarrow{GA}\right)+\overrightarrow{AC}\left(\overrightarrow{GA}-\overrightarrow{GB}\right)\)

\(=\overrightarrow{AB}\left(\overrightarrow{GC}+\overrightarrow{AG}\right)+\overrightarrow{AC}\left(\overrightarrow{GA}+\overrightarrow{BG}\right)\)

\(=\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}+\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{BA}\)

\(=0\)