\(\int\limits^3_{-1}f\left(\left|x\right|\right)dx=\int\limits^0_{-1}f\left(\left|x\right|\right)dx+\int\limits^1_0f\left(\left|x\right|\right)dx+\int\limits^3_1f\left(\left|x\right|\right)dx\)

\(=\int\limits^0_{-1}f\left(-x\right)dx+\int\limits^1_0f\left(x\right)dx+\int\limits^3_1f\left(x\right)dx\)

\(=\int\limits^1_0f\left(x\right)dx+\int\limits^1_0f\left(x\right)dx+\int\limits^3_1f\left(x\right)dx\)

\(=3+3+6=12\)

Xét \(I=\int\limits^1_0x.f\left(3x\right)dx\)

Đặt \(3x=u\Rightarrow dx=\dfrac{1}{3}du\) ; \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=0\Rightarrow u=0\\x=1\Rightarrow u=3\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow I=\dfrac{1}{9}\int\limits^3_0u.f\left(u\right)du=\dfrac{1}{9}\int\limits^3_0x.f\left(x\right)dx=1\)

\(\Rightarrow J=\int\limits^3_0x.f\left(x\right)dx=9\)

Xét J, đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}u=f\left(x\right)\\dv=x.dx\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}du=f'\left(x\right)dx\\v=\dfrac{x^2}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow J=\dfrac{x^2}{2}.f\left(x\right)|^3_0-\dfrac{1}{2}\int\limits^3_0x^2.f'\left(x\right)dx=\dfrac{9}{2}-\dfrac{1}{2}\int\limits^3_0x^2.f'\left(x\right)dx\)

\(\Rightarrow\int\limits^3_0x^2.f'\left(x\right)dx=9-2J=-9\)

Xét \(I=\int\limits^1_0x^2f\left(x\right)dx\)

Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}u=f\left(x\right)\\dv=x^2dx\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}du=f'\left(x\right)dx\\v=\dfrac{1}{3}x^3\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow I=\dfrac{1}{3}x^3.f\left(x\right)|^1_0-\dfrac{1}{3}\int\limits^1_0x^3.f'\left(x\right)dx=-\dfrac{1}{3}\int\limits^1_0x^3f'\left(x\right)dx\)

\(\Rightarrow\int\limits^1_0x^3f'\left(x\right)dx=-1\)

Lại có: \(\int\limits^1_0x^6.dx=\dfrac{1}{7}\)

\(\Rightarrow\int\limits^1_0\left[f'\left(x\right)\right]^2dx+14\int\limits^1_0x^3.f'\left(x\right)dx+49.\int\limits^1_0x^6dx=0\)

\(\Rightarrow\int\limits^1_0\left[f'\left(x\right)+7x^3\right]^2dx=0\)

\(\Rightarrow f'\left(x\right)+7x^3=0\)

\(\Rightarrow f'\left(x\right)=-7x^3\)

\(\Rightarrow f\left(x\right)=\int-7x^3dx=-\dfrac{7}{4}x^4+C\)

\(f\left(1\right)=0\Rightarrow C=\dfrac{7}{4}\)

\(\Rightarrow I=\int\limits^1_0\left(-\dfrac{7}{4}x^4+\dfrac{7}{4}\right)dx=...\)

Câu 1:

\(\int\limits^3_0\left(f'\left(x\right)+1\right)\sqrt{x+1}dx=\int\limits^3_0f'\left(x\right)\sqrt{x+1}dx+\int\limits^3_0\sqrt{x+1}dx\)

\(=\int\limits^3_0f'\left(x\right)\sqrt{x+1}dx+\frac{14}{3}=\frac{302}{15}\Rightarrow\int\limits^1_0f'\left(x\right)\sqrt{x+1}dx=\frac{232}{15}\)

Ta có:

\(I=\int\limits^3_0\frac{f\left(x\right)dx}{\sqrt{x+1}}\)

Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}u=f\left(x\right)\\dv=\frac{dx}{\sqrt{x+1}}\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}du=f'\left(x\right)dx\\v=2\sqrt{x+1}\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow I=2f\left(x\right)\sqrt{x+1}|^3_0-2\int\limits^3_0f'\left(x\right)\sqrt{x+1}dx\)

\(=4f\left(3\right)-2f\left(0\right)-2.\frac{232}{15}\)

\(=2\left(2f\left(3\right)-f\left(0\right)\right)-\frac{464}{15}=36-\frac{464}{15}=\frac{76}{15}\)

Câu 2:

\(I_1=\int\limits^3_1\frac{xf'\left(x\right)}{x+1}dx=0\)

Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}u=\frac{x}{x+1}\\dv=f'\left(x\right)dx\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}du=\frac{1}{\left(x+1\right)^2}dx\\v=f\left(x\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow I_1=\frac{xf\left(x\right)}{x+1}|^3_1-\int\limits^3_1\frac{f\left(x\right)}{\left(x+1\right)^2}=\frac{3.3}{3+1}-\frac{1.3}{1+1}-\int\limits^3_1\frac{f\left(x\right)}{\left(x+1\right)^2}dx=\frac{3}{4}-\int\limits^3_1\frac{f\left(x\right)}{\left(x+1\right)^2}dx=0\)

\(\Rightarrow\int\limits^3_1\frac{f\left(x\right)}{\left(x+1\right)^2}dx=\frac{3}{4}\)

Ta có:

\(I=\int\limits^3_1\frac{f\left(x\right)+lnx}{\left(x+1\right)^2}dx=\int\limits^3_1\frac{f\left(x\right)}{\left(x+1\right)^2}dx+\int\limits^3_1\frac{lnx}{\left(x+1\right)^2}dx=\frac{3}{4}+I_2\)

Xét \(I_2=\int\limits^3_1\frac{lnx}{\left(x+1\right)^2}dx\Rightarrow\) đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}u=lnx\\dv=\frac{1}{\left(x+1\right)^2}\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}du=\frac{dx}{x}\\v=\frac{-1}{x+1}\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow I_2=\frac{-lnx}{x+1}|^3_1+\int\limits^3_1\frac{dx}{x\left(x+1\right)}=-\frac{1}{4}ln3+\int\limits^1_0\left(\frac{1}{x}-\frac{1}{x+1}\right)dx\)

\(=-\frac{1}{4}ln3+ln\left(\frac{x}{x+1}\right)|^3_1=-\frac{1}{4}ln3+ln\frac{3}{4}-ln\frac{1}{2}=\frac{3}{4}ln3-ln2\)

\(\Rightarrow I=\frac{3}{4}+\frac{3}{4}ln3-ln2\)

Khi gặp dạng này, ý tưởng là sẽ tìm 1 hàm u(x) sao cho:

\(\int\limits^b_a\left[f'\left(x\right)-u\left(x\right)\right]^2dx=0\) (1)

\(\Rightarrow f'\left(x\right)-u\left(x\right)=0\Rightarrow f'\left(x\right)=u\left(x\right)\)

Khai triển (1), đề cho sẵn \(\left[f'\left(x\right)\right]^2\)  nên đại lượng \(2u\left(x\right).f'\left(x\right)\) và hàm \(u\left(x\right)\) sẽ được suy ra từ việc tích phân từng phần \(\int\limits f\left(x\right)dx\). Cụ thể:

Xét \(I=\dfrac{2}{3}=\int\limits^2_0f\left(x\right)dx\)  

Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}u=f\left(x\right)\\dv=dx\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}du=f'\left(x\right)dx\\v=x\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow I=x.f\left(x\right)|^2_0-\int\limits^2_0xf'\left(x\right)dx=2-\int\limits^2_0xf'\left(x\right)dx\)

\(\Rightarrow\int\limits^2_0xf'\left(x\right)dx=2-\dfrac{2}{3}=\dfrac{4}{3}\) (2)

(Vậy đến đây hàm \(u\left(x\right)\) được xác định là dạng \(u\left(x\right)=k.x\)

Để tìm cụ thể giá trị k:

Từ (1) ta suy luận tiếp:

\(\int\limits^2_0\left[f'\left(x\right)-kx\right]^2dx=0\Leftrightarrow\int\limits^2_0\left[f'\left(x\right)\right]^2-2k\int\limits^2_0x.f'\left(x\right)dx+\int\limits^2_0k^2x^2dx=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{2}{3}-2k.\dfrac{4}{3}+\dfrac{8}{3}k^2=0\) do \(\int\limits^2_0x^2dx=\dfrac{8}{3}\)

\(\Rightarrow k=\dfrac{1}{2}\) 

\(\Rightarrow u\left(x\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}x\) coi như xong bài toán)

Do đó ta có:

\(\int\limits^2_0\left[f'\left(x\right)\right]^2-\int\limits^2_0xf'\left(x\right)+\dfrac{1}{4}\int\limits^2_0x^2dx=\dfrac{2}{3}-\dfrac{4}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}.\dfrac{8}{3}=0\)

\(\Rightarrow\int\limits^2_0\left[f'\left(x\right)-\dfrac{1}{2}x\right]^2dx=0\)

\(\Rightarrow f'\left(x\right)-\dfrac{1}{2}x=0\)

\(\Rightarrow f'\left(x\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}x\Rightarrow f\left(x\right)=\dfrac{1}{4}x^2+C\)

Thay \(x=2\Rightarrow1=1+C\Rightarrow C=0\)

\(\Rightarrow f\left(x\right)=\dfrac{1}{4}x^2\)

Xét tích phân \(I=\int\limits^1_0e^xf\left(x\right)dx\)

Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}u=f\left(x\right)\\dv=e^xdx\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}du=f'\left(x\right)dx\\v=e^x\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow I=e^x.f\left(x\right)|^1_0-\int\limits^1_0e^xf'\left(x\right)dx=e.f\left(1\right)-f\left(0\right)-I\)

\(\Rightarrow2I=e.f\left(1\right)-f\left(0\right)\)

Xét tích phân \(J=\int\limits^1_0f'\left(x\right)dx=I\)

Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}u=f'\left(x\right)\\dv=e^xdx\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}du=f''\left(x\right)dx\\v=e^x\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow I=J=e^x.f'\left(x\right)|^1_0-\int\limits^1_0e^x.f''\left(x\right)dx=e.f'\left(1\right)-f'\left(0\right)-I\)

\(\Rightarrow2I=e.f'\left(1\right)-f'\left(0\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow\frac{e.f'\left(1\right)-f'\left(0\right)}{e.f\left(1\right)-f\left(0\right)}=\frac{2I}{2I}=1\)

\(I=\dfrac{1}{2}\int f\left(x^2\right)d\left(x^2\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}x^2\sqrt{\left(x^2\right)^2+1}+C=\dfrac{1}{2}x^2\sqrt{x^4+1}+C\)

Làm tiếp

\(t=\sqrt{x^4+1}\Rightarrow dt=\dfrac{1}{2}.\left(x^4+1\right)^{-\dfrac{1}{2}}.4.x^3=\dfrac{2x^3}{\sqrt{x^4+1}}dx\Rightarrow dx=\dfrac{1}{2}.\dfrac{\sqrt{x^4+1}dt}{x^3}dt\)

\(\Rightarrow\int x.\dfrac{2x^4+1}{\sqrt{x^4+1}}dx=\dfrac{1}{2}\int x.\dfrac{2x^4+1}{\sqrt{x^4+1}}.\dfrac{\sqrt{x^4+1}}{x^3}dt=\dfrac{1}{2}\int\dfrac{2x^4+1}{x^2}dt=\dfrac{1}{2}\int2x^2dt+\dfrac{1}{2}\int\dfrac{dt}{x^2}=\int\sqrt{t^2-1}dt+\dfrac{1}{2}\int\dfrac{dt}{\sqrt{t^2-1}}\)

Tất cả đã về dạng cơ bản

Xet \(I_1=\int\sqrt{t^2-1}dt\)

\(\sqrt{t^2-1}=\dfrac{1}{2}.\dfrac{2t^2-1}{\sqrt{t^2-1}}-\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{t^2-1}}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\sqrt{t^2-1}+\dfrac{t^2}{\sqrt{t^2-1}}\right)-\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{t^2-1}}\)

\(\left(t\sqrt{t^2-1}\right)'=\sqrt{t^2-1}+\dfrac{t^2}{\sqrt{t^2-1}}\)

\(\Rightarrow\int\sqrt{t^2-1}dt=\dfrac{1}{2}\int\left(t\sqrt{t^2-1}\right)'dt-\dfrac{1}{2}\int\dfrac{dt}{\sqrt{t^2-1}}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(t\sqrt{t^2-1}\right)-\dfrac{1}{2}ln\left|t+\sqrt{t^2-1}\right|+C\)

\(\Rightarrow I=\dfrac{1}{2}t\sqrt{t^2-1}-\dfrac{1}{2}ln\left|t+\sqrt{t^2-1}\right|+\dfrac{1}{2}ln\left|t+\sqrt{t^2-1}\right|=\dfrac{1}{2}t\sqrt{t^2-1}=\dfrac{1}{2}.x^2\sqrt{x^4+1}+C\)

Một cách làm khác đến từ vị trí của dân chuyên Toán :v Hãi hơn cái cách mình làm bao nhiêu ra. À bạn ấy làm từ cái tính nguyên hàm \(\int x.\dfrac{2x^4+1}{\sqrt{x^4+1}}dx\) trở đi nhá!