Lời giải:
\((a+b+c)(\frac{1}{a+b}+\frac{1}{b+c}+\frac{1}{a+c})=\frac{a}{a+b}+\frac{a}{b+c}+\frac{a}{a+c}+\frac{b}{a+b}+\frac{b}{b+c}+\frac{b}{a+c}+\frac{c}{a+b}+\frac{c}{b+c}+\frac{c}{a+c}\)

$\Leftrightarrow 2018.\frac{1}{2018}=\frac{a+b}{a+b}+\frac{b+c}{b+c}+\frac{c+a}{c+a}+\frac{a}{b+c}+\frac{b}{c+a}+\frac{c}{a+b}$

$\Leftrightarrow 1=1+1+1+S$

$S=1-1-1-1=-2$

1.

 Áp dụng BĐT BSC:

\(\dfrac{a^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{b^2}{c+a}+\dfrac{c^2}{a+b}\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{2\left(a+b+c\right)}=\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}\)

Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(a=b=c>0\)

2.

Áp dụng BĐT \(x^2+y^2\ge\dfrac{\left(x+y\right)^2}{2}\) và BĐT BSC:

\(\dfrac{a+b}{a^2+b^2}+\dfrac{b+c}{b^2+c^2}+\dfrac{c+a}{c^2+a^2}\)

\(\le\dfrac{a+b}{\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{2}}+\dfrac{b+c}{\dfrac{\left(b+c\right)^2}{2}}+\dfrac{c+a}{\dfrac{\left(c+a\right)^2}{2}}\)

\(=\dfrac{2}{a+b}+\dfrac{2}{b+c}+\dfrac{2}{c+a}\)

\(\le2.\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{a}\right)\)

\(=\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\)

Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(a=b=c>0\)

Cách khác:

1.

 Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy:

\(\dfrac{a^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{b+c}{4}+\dfrac{b^2}{c+a}+\dfrac{c+a}{4}+\dfrac{c^2}{a+b}+\dfrac{a+b}{4}\ge a+b+c\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{b^2}{c+a}+\dfrac{c^2}{a+b}\ge a+b+c-\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}=\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}\)

Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(a=b=c>0\)

\(\dfrac{a}{b+c+d}=\dfrac{b}{a+c+d}=\dfrac{c}{a+b+d}=\dfrac{d}{a+b+c}=\dfrac{a+b+c+d}{3\left(a+b+c+d\right)}=\dfrac{1}{3}\\ \Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}b+c+d=3a\\a+c+d=3b\\a+b+d=3c\\a+b+c=3d\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a+b+c+d=2a\\a+b+c+d=2b\\a+b+c+d=2c\\a+b+c+d=2d\end{matrix}\right.\\ \Rightarrow2a=2b=2c=2d\\ \Rightarrow a=b=c=d\\ \Rightarrow A=\dfrac{a+a}{a+a}+\dfrac{a+a}{a+a}+\dfrac{a+a}{a+a}+\dfrac{a+a}{a+a}=1+1+1+1=4\)

ab+c+d=ba+c+d=ca+b+d=da+b+c=a+b+c+d3(a+b+c+d)=13⇒⎧⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎨⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎩b+c+d=3aa+c+d=3ba+b+d=3ca+b+c=3d⇒⎧⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎨⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎩a+b+c+d=2aa+b+c+d=2ba+b+c+d=2ca+b+c+d=2d⇒2a=2b=2c=2d⇒a=b=c=d⇒A=a+aa+a+a+aa+a+a+aa+a+a+aa+a=1+1+1+1=4

a: Ta có: \(\dfrac{a}{b}=\dfrac{c}{d}\)

nên \(\dfrac{a}{c}=\dfrac{b}{d}\)

d: Ta có: \(\dfrac{a}{b}=\dfrac{c}{d}\)

nên \(\dfrac{a}{c}=\dfrac{b}{d}\)

Áp dụng tính chất của dãy tỉ số bằng nhau, ta được:

\(\dfrac{a}{c}=\dfrac{b}{d}=\dfrac{a+b}{c+d}=\dfrac{a-b}{c-d}\)

Áp dụng tính chất của dãy tỉ số bằng nhau, ta được:

\(\dfrac{a}{b}=\dfrac{c}{d}=\dfrac{a+c}{b+d}\)

hay \(\dfrac{a}{b}=\dfrac{a+c}{b+d}\)

Ta có: \(\dfrac{a}{b}=\dfrac{c}{d}\)

nên \(\dfrac{a}{c}=\dfrac{b}{d}\)

Áp dụng tính chất của dãy tỉ số bằng nhau, ta được:

\(\dfrac{a}{c}=\dfrac{b}{d}=\dfrac{a-b}{c-d}\)

hay \(\dfrac{a}{c}=\dfrac{a-b}{c-d}\)