Bài 5:

\(C=\frac{2\sqrt{x}-3}{\sqrt{x}-2}=\frac{2(\sqrt{x}-2)+1}{\sqrt{x}-2}=2+\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}-2}\)

Để $C$ nguyên nhỏ nhất thì $\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}-2}$ là số nguyên nhỏ nhất.

$\Rightarrow \sqrt{x}-2$ là ước nguyên âm lớn nhất

$\Rightarrow \sqrt{x}-2=-1$

$\Leftrightarrow x=1$ (thỏa mãn đkxđ)

Bài 6:

$D(\sqrt{x}+1)=x-3$

$D^2(x+2\sqrt{x}+1)=(x-3)^2$

$2D^2\sqrt{x}=(x-3)^2-D^2(x+1)$ nguyên 

Với $x$ nguyên ta suy ra $\Rightarrow D=0$ hoặc $\sqrt{x}$ nguyên 

Với $D=0\Leftrightarrow x=3$ (tm)

Với $\sqrt{x}$ nguyên:

$D=\frac{(x-1)-2}{\sqrt{x}+1}=\sqrt{x}-1-\frac{2}{\sqrt{x}+1}$

$D$ nguyên khi $\sqrt{x}+1$ là ước của $2$

$\Rightarrow \sqrt{x}+1\in\left\{1;2\right\}$

$\Leftrightarrow x=0; 1$

Vì $x\neq 1$ nên $x=0$.

Vậy $x=0; 3$

Bài 6: 

Để D nguyên thì \(x-3⋮\sqrt{x}+1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}+1\in\left\{1;2\right\}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}\in\left\{0;1\right\}\)

hay \(x\in\left\{0;1\right\}\)

Bài 12: 

Để N là số nguyên thì \(\sqrt{x}+3⋮\sqrt{x}+5\)

\(\Leftrightarrow-2⋮\sqrt{x}+5\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}+5\in\left\{1;-1;2;-2\right\}\)(vô lý

Bài 11: 

Để M là số nguyên thì \(3\sqrt{x}+1⋮\sqrt{x}+3\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}+3\in\left\{1;-1;2;-2;4;-4;8;-8\right\}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}+3\in\left\{4;8\right\}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x\in\left\{1;25\right\}\)

Để P nguyên thì \(2\sqrt{x}-3⋮\sqrt{x}+2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}+2=7\)

hay x=25

Bài 8:

\(M=1+\frac{4}{\sqrt{x}+1}\)

Để $M$ nguyên thì $\frac{4}{\sqrt{x}+1}$ nguyên 

Đặt $\frac{4}{\sqrt{x}+1}=t$ với $t$ là số nguyên dương 

$\Rightarrow \sqrt{x}+1=\frac{4}{t}$

$\sqrt{x}=\frac{4}{t}-1=\frac{4-t}{t}\geq 0$

$\Rightarrow 4-t\geq 0\Rightarrow t\leq 4$

Mà $t$ nguyên dương suy ra $t=1;2;3;4$

Kéo theo $x=9; 1; \frac{1}{9}; 0$

Kết hợp đkxđ nên $x=0; \frac{1}{9};9$

Bài 9:

$P=1+\frac{5}{\sqrt{x}+2}$

Để $P$ nguyên thì $\frac{5}{\sqrt{x}+2}$ nguyên 

Đặt $\frac{5}{\sqrt{x}+2}=t$ với $t\in\mathbb{Z}^+$

$\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{x}+2=\frac{5}{t}$

$\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{x}=\frac{5-2t}{t}\geq 0$

Với $t>0\Rightarrow 5-2t\geq 0$

$\Leftrightarrow t\leq \frac{5}{2}$

Vì $t$ nguyên dương suy ra $t=1;2$

$\Rightarrow x=9; \frac{1}{4}$ (thỏa đkxđ)

Bài 8: 

Để M nguyên thì \(\sqrt{x}+5⋮\sqrt{x}+1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}+1\inƯ\left(4\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}+1\in\left\{1;2;4\right\}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}\in\left\{0;1;3\right\}\)

hay \(x\in\left\{0;1;9\right\}\)

a)A=\(\dfrac{x-4\sqrt{x}+4}{\sqrt{x}\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)}=\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)^2}{\sqrt{x}\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)}\)=\(\dfrac{\sqrt{x}-2}{\sqrt{x}}\)

b) Thay x=3+2\(\sqrt{2}\)

A=\(\dfrac{\sqrt{3+2\sqrt{2}}-2}{\sqrt{3+2\sqrt{2}}}\)=\(\dfrac{\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{2}+1\right)^2-2}}{\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{2}+1\right)^2}}\)=\(\dfrac{\sqrt{2}+1-2}{\sqrt{2}+1}\)

A=\(\dfrac{\sqrt{2}-1}{\sqrt{2}+1}\)

c)Ta có \(\dfrac{\sqrt{x}-2}{\sqrt{x}}=1-\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{x}}\)>0

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{x}}\)<1\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{x}\)>2\(\Rightarrow x>4\)

Bài 2: 

Ta có: \(P=\dfrac{15\sqrt{x}-11}{x+2\sqrt{x}-3}-\dfrac{3\sqrt{x}-2}{\sqrt{x}-1}-\dfrac{2\sqrt{x}+3}{\sqrt{x}+3}\)

\(=\dfrac{15\sqrt{x}-11-3x-9\sqrt{x}+2\sqrt{x}+6-2x+2\sqrt{x}-3\sqrt{x}+3}{\left(\sqrt{x}+3\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{-5x+7\sqrt{x}-2}{\left(\sqrt{x}+3\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{-5\sqrt{x}+1}{\sqrt{x}+3}\)

a: \(M=\dfrac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}-2}-\dfrac{4\sqrt{x}-4}{\sqrt{x}\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{x-4\sqrt{x}+4}{\sqrt{x}\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)^2}{\sqrt{x}\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)}=\dfrac{\sqrt{x}-2}{\sqrt{x}}\)

b: Khi \(x=3+2\sqrt{2}=\left(\sqrt{2}+1\right)^2\) thì

\(M=\dfrac{\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{2}+1\right)^2}-2}{\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{2}+1\right)^2}}=\dfrac{\sqrt{2}+1-2}{\sqrt{2}+1}\)

\(=\dfrac{\sqrt{2}-1}{\sqrt{2}+1}=\left(\sqrt{2}-1\right)^2=3-2\sqrt{2}\)

c: M>0

=>\(\dfrac{\sqrt{x}-2}{\sqrt{x}}>0\)

mà \(\sqrt{x}>0\)

nên \(\sqrt{x}-2>0\)

=>\(\sqrt{x}>2\)

=>x>4

a) \(M=\left(\dfrac{3}{\sqrt{x}+3}+\dfrac{x+9}{x-9}\right):\left(\dfrac{2\sqrt{x}-5}{x-3\sqrt{x}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x}}\right)\)

\(=\dfrac{3.\left(\sqrt{x}-3\right)+x+9}{\left(\sqrt{x}-3\right).\left(\sqrt{x}+3\right)}:\dfrac{2\sqrt{x}-5-\left(\sqrt{x}-3\right)}{\sqrt{x}.\left(\sqrt{x}-3\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{x+3\sqrt{x}}{\left(\sqrt{x}-3\right).\left(\sqrt{x}+3\right)}:\dfrac{\sqrt{x}-2}{\sqrt{x}.\left(\sqrt{x}-3\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{\sqrt{x}.\left(\sqrt{x}+3\right)}{\left(\sqrt{x}-3\right).\left(\sqrt{x}+3\right)}.\dfrac{\sqrt{x}.\left(\sqrt{x}-3\right)}{\sqrt{x}-2}=\dfrac{x}{\sqrt{x}-2}\)

b) \(M< 0\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}-2< 0\Leftrightarrow x< 4\)

Kết hợp điều kiện ta được \(0< x< 4\) thì M < 0

c) Từ câu b ta có M < 0 \(\Leftrightarrow0< x< 4\)

nên \(x\inℤ\) để M nguyên âm <=> \(x\in\left\{1;2;3\right\}\)

Thay lần lượt các giá trị vào M được x = 1 thỏa 

d) \(M=\dfrac{x}{\sqrt{x}-2}=\sqrt{x}+2+\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{x}-2}=\left(\sqrt{x}-2+\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{x}-2}\right)+4\)

Vì x > 4 nên \(\sqrt{x}-2>0\)

Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy ta có 

\(M=\left(\sqrt{x}-2+\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{x}-2}\right)+4\ge2\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right).\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{x}-2}}+4=8\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(\sqrt{x}-2=\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{x}-2}\Leftrightarrow x=16\left(tm\right)\)

1) \(M=\left(\dfrac{3}{\sqrt[]{x}+3}+\dfrac{x+9}{x-9}\right):\left(\dfrac{2\sqrt[]{x}-5}{x-3\sqrt[]{x}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt[]{x}}\right)\left(x>0;x\ne9\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow M=\left(\dfrac{3\left(\sqrt[]{x}-3\right)}{\left(\sqrt[]{x}+3\right)\left(\sqrt[]{x}-3\right)}+\dfrac{x+9}{x-9}\right):\left(\dfrac{2\sqrt[]{x}-5}{\sqrt[]{x}\left(\sqrt[]{x}-3\right)}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt[]{x}}\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow M=\left(\dfrac{3\sqrt[]{x}-9+x+9}{x-9}\right):\left(\dfrac{2\sqrt[]{x}-5-\left(\sqrt[]{x}-3\right)}{\sqrt[]{x}\left(\sqrt[]{x}-3\right)}\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow M=\left(\dfrac{3\sqrt[]{x}+x}{x-9}\right):\left(\dfrac{2\sqrt[]{x}-5-\sqrt[]{x}+3}{\sqrt[]{x}\left(\sqrt[]{x}-3\right)}\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow M=\left(\dfrac{\sqrt[]{x}\left(\sqrt[]{x}+3\right)}{x-9}\right):\left(\dfrac{\sqrt[]{x}-2}{\sqrt[]{x}\left(\sqrt[]{x}-3\right)}\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow M=\left(\dfrac{\sqrt[]{x}}{\sqrt[]{x}-3}\right):\left(\dfrac{\sqrt[]{x}-2}{\sqrt[]{x}\left(\sqrt[]{x}-3\right)}\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow M=\dfrac{\sqrt[]{x}}{\sqrt[]{x}-3}.\dfrac{\sqrt[]{x}\left(\sqrt[]{x}-3\right)}{\sqrt[]{x}-2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow M=\dfrac{x}{\sqrt[]{x}-2}\)

2) Để \(M< 0\) khi và chỉ chi

\(M=\dfrac{x}{\sqrt[]{x}-2}< 0\left(1\right)\)

Nghiệm của tử là \(x=0\)

Nghiệm của mẫu \(\sqrt[]{x}-2=0\Leftrightarrow\sqrt[]{x}=2\Leftrightarrow x=4\)

Lập bảng xét dấu... ta được

\(\left(1\right)\Leftrightarrow0< x< 4\)

3) \(M=\dfrac{x}{\sqrt[]{x}-2}\inℤ^-\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x⋮\sqrt[]{x}-2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x-\sqrt[]{x}\left(\sqrt[]{x}-2\right)⋮\sqrt[]{x}-2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x-x+2\sqrt[]{x}⋮\sqrt[]{x}-2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2\sqrt[]{x}⋮\sqrt[]{x}-2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2\sqrt[]{x}-2\left(\sqrt[]{x}-2\right)⋮\sqrt[]{x}-2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2\sqrt[]{x}-2\sqrt[]{x}+4⋮\sqrt[]{x}-2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow4⋮\sqrt[]{x}-2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt[]{x}-2\in\left\{-1;-2;-4\right\}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x\in\left\{1;0\right\}\)

a) Thay x=64 vào Q ta có:

\(Q=\dfrac{\sqrt{64}-2}{\sqrt{64}-3}=\dfrac{8-2}{8-3}=\dfrac{6}{5}\)

b) \(P=\dfrac{x}{x-4}-\dfrac{1}{2-\sqrt{x}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x}+2}\)

\(P=\dfrac{x}{\left(\sqrt{x}+2\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x}-2}+\dfrac{\sqrt{x}-2}{\left(\sqrt{x}+2\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)}\)

\(P=\dfrac{x+\sqrt{x}+2+\sqrt{x}-2}{\left(\sqrt{x}+2\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)}\)

\(P=\dfrac{x+2\sqrt{x}}{\left(\sqrt{x}+2\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)}\)

\(P=\dfrac{\sqrt{x}\left(\sqrt{x}+2\right)}{\left(\sqrt{x}+2\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)}\)

\(P=\dfrac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}-2}\left(dpcm\right)\)