a) \(u_n=u_1.q^{n-1}=u_1.2^{n-1}\)
\(S_n=\dfrac{u_1\left(1-q^n\right)}{1-q}=\dfrac{u_1\left(1-2^n\right)}{1-2}=u_1\left(2^n-1\right)\);
\(\dfrac{S_n}{u_n}=\dfrac{u_1\left(2^n-1\right)}{u_1.2^{n-1}}=\dfrac{2^n-1}{2^{n-1}}=2-\dfrac{1}{2^{n-1}}=\dfrac{63}{32}\)
Vì vậy \(\dfrac{1}{2^{n-1}}=\dfrac{1}{32}\) \(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{2^{n-1}}=\dfrac{1}{2^5}\)\(\Leftrightarrow n-1=5\Leftrightarrow n=6\).
b)
\(u_n=2.q^{n-1}=\dfrac{1}{8}\)\(\Rightarrow q^{n-1}=\dfrac{1}{16}\)
\(S_n=\dfrac{2\left(1-q^n\right)}{1-q}=\dfrac{2\left(1-q.q^{n-1}\right)}{1-q}=\dfrac{2\left(1-\dfrac{1}{16}q\right)}{1-q}=\dfrac{31}{8}\);
Suy ra \(q=-1\).

a)    Ta có:

\({S_n}.q = \left( {{u_1} + {u_1}q + {u_1}{q^2} + ... + {u_1}{q^{n - 1}}} \right).q = {u_1}\left( {1 + q + {q^2} + ... + {q^{n - 1}}} \right).q = {u_1}\left( {q + {q^2} + {q^3} + ... + {q^n}} \right)\)

\(\begin{array}{l}{S_n} - {S_n}.q = {u_1} + {u_1}q + {u_1}{q^2} + ... + {u_1}{q^{n - 1}} - {u_1}\left( {q + {q^2} + {q^3} + ... + {q^n}} \right)\\ = {u_1}\left( {1 + q + {q^2} + ... + {q^{n - 1}}} \right) - {u_1}\left( {q + {q^2} + {q^3} + ... + {q^n}} \right)\\ = {u_1}\left( {1 + q + {q^2} + ... + {q^{n - 1}} - \left( {q + {q^2} + {q^3} + ... + {q^n}} \right)} \right)\\ = {u_1}\left( {1 - {q^n}} \right)\end{array}\)

b)    Ta có: \({S_n} - {S_n}.q = {u_1}\left( {1 - {q^n}} \right) \Leftrightarrow {S_n}\left( {1 - q} \right) = {u_1}\left( {1 - {q^n}} \right) \Leftrightarrow {S_n} = \frac{{{u_1}\left( {1 - {q^n}} \right)}}{{\left( {1 - q} \right)}}\)

a) \({u_2} = {u_1}.q\)

\({u_3} = {u_1}.{q^2}\)

…

\({u_{n - 1}} = {u_1}.{q^{n - 2}}\)

\({u_n} = {u_1}.{q^{n - 1}}\)

\({S_n} = {u_1} + {u_1}q +  \ldots  + {u_1}{q^{n - 2}} + {u_1}{q^{n - 1}}\)

b) \(q{S_n} = q{u_1} + {u_1}{q^2} +  \ldots  + {u_1}{q^{n - 1}} + {u_1}{q^n}\)

c) \({S_n} - q{S_n} = \left( {{u_1} + {u_1}q +  \ldots  + {u_1}{q^{n - 2}} + {u_1}{q^{n - 1}}} \right) - (q{u_1} + {u_1}{q^2} +  \ldots  + {u_1}{q^{n - 1}} + {u_1}{q^n})\).

\(\begin{array}{l} \Leftrightarrow \left( {1 - q} \right){S_n} = {u_1} - {u_1}{q^n} = {u_1}\left( {1 - {q^n}} \right)\\ \Rightarrow {S_n} = \frac{{{u_1}\left( {1 - {q^n}} \right)}}{{1 - q}}\end{array}\)

a) Ta có:

\(q.{S_n} = q.\left( {{u_1} + {u_2} + ... + {u_n}} \right) = {u_1}.q + {u_2}.q + ... + {u_n}.q = \left( {{u_2} + {u_3} + ... + {u_n}} \right) + q.{u_n}\)

b) Ta có:

\({u_1} + q.{S_n} = {u_1} + \left( {{u_2} + {u_3} + ... + {u_n}} \right) + q.{u_n} = \left( {{u_1} + {u_2} + {u_3} + ... + {u_n}} \right) + q.{u_n} = {S_n} + {u_1}.{q^n}\)

a)    Ta có:

\(\left. \begin{array}{l}{u_1} + {u_n} = {u_1} + {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d = 2{u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d\\{u_2} + {u_{n - 1}} = {u_1} + d + \left( {n - 2} \right)d = {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d\\{u_n} + {u_1} = {u_1} + {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d = 2{u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d\end{array} \right\} \Rightarrow {u_1} + {u_n} = {u_2} + {u_{n - 1}} = ... = {u_n} + {u_1}\)

b)    Dựa vào công thức vừa chứng minh ta có: \(n\left( {{u_1} + {u_n}} \right)\) = \(2{S_n}\)

a) \({u_2} = {u_1} + d\)

\({u_3} = {u_1} + 2d\)

…

\({u_{n - 1}} = {u_1} + \left( {n - 2} \right)d\)

\({u_n} = {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d\)

\({S_n} = {u_1} + {u_1} + 2d +  \ldots  + {u_1} + \left( {n - 2} \right)d + {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d\)

b) \({S_n} = {u_n} + {u_{n - 1}} +  \ldots  + {u_2} + {u_1} = {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d + {u_1} + \left( {n - 2} \right)d +  \ldots  + {u_1} + d + {u_1}\)

c) \(2{S_n} = \left( {{u_1} + {u_1} + d +  \ldots  + {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d} \right) + \left( {{u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d + {u_1} + \left( {n - 2} \right)d +  \ldots  + {u_1}} \right)\).

\( \Rightarrow 2{S_n} = n.\left( {2{u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d} \right)\)

\( \Rightarrow {S_n} = \frac{n}{2}\left( {2{u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d} \right)\)

a) \(\left\{ \begin{array}{l}{u_5} = 96\\{u_6} = 192\end{array} \right. \Leftrightarrow \left\{ \begin{array}{l}{u_1}.{q^4} = 96\\{u_1}.{q^5} = 192\end{array} \right. \Leftrightarrow \left\{ \begin{array}{l}{u_1}.{q^4} = 96\\\left( {{u_1}.{q^4}} \right).q = 192\end{array} \right. \Leftrightarrow \left\{ \begin{array}{l}{u_1}.{q^4} = 96\\96q = 192\end{array} \right. \Leftrightarrow \left\{ \begin{array}{l}q = 2\\{u_1} = 6\end{array} \right.\)

Vậy cấp số nhân \(\left( {{u_n}} \right)\) có số hạng đầu \({u_1} = 6\) và công bội \(q = 2\).

b)

\(\left\{ \begin{array}{l}{u_4} + {u_2} = 60\\{u_5} - {u_3} = 144\end{array} \right. \Leftrightarrow \left\{ \begin{array}{l}{u_1}.{q^3} + {u_1}.q = 60\\{u_1}.{q^4} - {u_1}.{q^2} = 144\end{array} \right. \Leftrightarrow \left\{ \begin{array}{l}{u_1}.q\left( {{q^2} + 1} \right) = 60\left( 1 \right)\\{u_1}.{q^2}\left( {{q^2} - 1} \right) = 144\left( 2 \right)\end{array} \right.\)

Do \({u_1} = 0\) và \(q = 0\) không là nghiệm của hệ phương trình nên chia vế với vế của (2) cho (1) ta được:

\(\frac{{q\left( {{q^2} - 1} \right)}}{{{q^2} + 1}} = \frac{{144}}{{60}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{{q\left( {{q^2} - 1} \right)}}{{{q^2} + 1}} =\frac{{12}}{{5}} \Leftrightarrow 5q\left( {{q^2} - 1} \right) = 12\left( {{q^2} + 1} \right)\)

\( \Leftrightarrow 5{q^3} - 12q = 5{q^2} + 12 \Leftrightarrow 5{q^3} - 12{q^2} - 5q - 12 = 0 \Leftrightarrow q=3\) thế vào (1) ta được \({u_1}=2\).

Vậy cấp số nhân \(\left( {{u_n}} \right)\) có số hạng đầu \({u_1} = 2\) và công bội \(q = 3\).

a) \(\left| q \right| = \left| {\frac{1}{2}} \right| < 1\)

b) \(\begin{array}{l}{S_n} = {u_1} + {u_2} + ... + {u_n} = {u_1}.\frac{{1 - {q^n}}}{{1 - q}} = 1.\frac{{1 - {{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)}^n}}}{{1 - \frac{1}{2}}} = 2 - 2.{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^n}\\ \Rightarrow \lim {S_n} = \lim \left[ {2 - 2.{{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)}^n}} \right] = \lim 2 - 2\lim {\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^n} = 2\end{array}\)