| Rule (Quy tắc) | Direct speech (Trực tiếp) | Reported speech (Gián tiếp) |
|
1. Tenses (Thì) |
Present simple (V/Vs/es) Hiện tại đơn |
Past simple (Ved) Quá khứ đơn |
| Present progressive (is/am/are+Ving) Hiện tại tiếp diễn |
Past progressive (was/were+Ving) Quá khứ tiếp diễn |
|
| Present perfect (have/has+VpII) Hiện tại hoàn thành |
Past perfect (had+VPII) Quá khứ hoàn thành |
|
| Past simple (Ved) Quá khứ đơn |
Past perfect (had +VpII) Quá khứ hoàn thành |
|
| Past progressive (was/were +Ving) Quá khứ tiếp diễn |
Past progressive/ Past perfect progressive (had +been +Ving) Quá khứ tiếp diễn / Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn |
|
| Past perfect Quá khứ hoàn thành |
Past perfect Quá khứ hoàn thành |
|
| Future simple (will +V) Tương lai đơn |
Future in the past (would +V) Tương lai trong quá khứ |
|
| Near future (is/am/are +going to+V) Tương lai gần |
Was/were +going to +V |
|
| 2. Modal verbs (Động từ khuyết thiếu) |
Can May Must |
Could Might Must/Had to |
| 3. Adverb of place (Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn) |
This That |
That That |
| These | Those | |
| Here | There | |
| 4. Adverb of time (Trạng từ chỉ thời gian) |
Now | Then |
| Today | That day | |
| Yesterday | The day before/ the previous day | |
| The day before yesterday | Two days before | |
| Tomorrow | The day after/the next (following) day | |
| The day after tomorrow | Two days after/ in two days’ time | |
| Ago | Before | |
| This week | That week | |
| Last week | The week before/ the previous week | |
| Last night | The night before | |
| Next week | The week after/ the following week | |
| 5.Subject/Object (Chủ ngữ/tân ngữ) |
I / me | She, he /Her, him |
| We /our | They/ them | |
| You/you |
I, we/ me, us
|
Ex : - Rice is grown in tropical countries by people .
- The picture is being painted by them now .
- I was given a picture by my mother .