Lời giải:

$n=1$ thì $S=0$ nguyên nhé bạn. Phải là $n>1$

\(S=1-\frac{1}{1^2}+1-\frac{1}{2^2}+1-\frac{1}{3^2}+...+1-\frac{1}{n^2}\)

\(=n-\underbrace{\left(1+\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{n^2}\right)}_{M}\)

Để cm $S$ không nguyên ta cần chứng minh $M$ không nguyên. Thật vậy

\(M> 1+\frac{1}{2.3}+\frac{1}{3.4}+...+\frac{1}{n(n+1)}=1+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{4}+....+\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n+1}\)

\(M>1+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{n+1}>1\) với mọi $n>1$

Mặt khác:

\(M< 1+\frac{1}{1.2}+\frac{1}{2.3}+...+\frac{1}{(n-1)n}=1+\frac{1}{1}-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+....+\frac{1}{n-1}-\frac{1}{n}\)

\(M< 1+1-\frac{1}{n}< 2\)

Vậy $1< M< 2$ nên $M$ không nguyên. Kéo theo $S$ không nguyên.

\(\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n}+n\sqrt{n+1}}=\frac{\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n}-n\sqrt{n+1}}{\left(n+1\right)^2.n-n^2\left(n+1\right)}=\frac{\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n}-n\sqrt{n+1}}{n\left(n+1\right)}=\frac{\sqrt{n}}{n}-\frac{\sqrt{n+1}}{n+1}\)

\(\Rightarrow S_n=\frac{1}{1}-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}+\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}+...+\frac{\sqrt{n}}{n}-\frac{\sqrt{n+1}}{n+1}=1-\frac{\sqrt{n+1}}{n+1}\)

\(\Rightarrow S\left(n\right)\) hữu tỉ khi và chỉ khi \(\frac{\sqrt{n+1}}{n+1}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\) hữu tỉ

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{n+1}\) hữu tỉ

\(\Leftrightarrow n+1=k^2\) với \(k\in Z\) ; \(k>1\)

\(\Rightarrow n=k^2-1\) với \(k\in Z;k>1\)

Vậy với mọi n có dạng \(n=k^2-1\) sao cho k là số nguyên lớn hơn 1 thì \(S\left(n\right)\) hữu tỉ

nhận thấy S(2n) =(1-2)+(2-4)+.. +[(2n-1)-2n] =(-1)+ (-1)+ ...+(-1) = -n
S(2n-1)= 1+(-2+3)+(-4+5) + ...+ [(-2n+2)+(2n-1)] =1+1+..+1 =n
Từ đó S(35) = S(2.18-1) = 18
S(60) =S(2.30) =-30 --> S(35)+S(60) =18-30= -12

A = \(\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{3^{2007}}+\frac{1}{3^{2008}}\)

3A= \(1+\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{3^{2006}}+\frac{1}{3^{2007}}\)

3A-A= \(1-\frac{1}{3^{2008}}\)

B = \(\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{3^3}+...+\frac{1}{3^{n-1}}+\frac{1}{3^n}\)

3B = \(1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{3^{n-2}}+\frac{1}{3^{n-1}}\)

3B - B = \(1-\frac{1}{3^n}\)

Ta có :

\(A=\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{3^3}+...+\frac{1}{3^{2007}}+\frac{1}{3^{2008}}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\)\(3A=1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{3^{2006}}+\frac{1}{3^{2007}}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\)\(3A-A=\left(1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{3^{2006}}+\frac{1}{3^{2007}}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{3^3}+...+\frac{1}{3^{2007}}+\frac{1}{3^{2008}}\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\)\(2A=1-\frac{1}{3^{2008}}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\)\(2A=\frac{3^{2008}-1}{3^{2008}}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\)\(A=\frac{3^{2008}-1}{3^{2008}}:2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\)\(A=\frac{3^{2008}-1}{2.3^{2008}}\)

Vậy \(A=\frac{3^{2008}-1}{2.3^{2008}}\)