a) \({a^3} + 12{{\rm{a}}^2} + 48{\rm{a}} + 64 \\= {a^3} + 3{{\rm{a}}^2}.4 + 3{\rm{a}}{.4^2} + {4^3} \\= {\left( {a + 4} \right)^3}\)

b) \({x^3} - 9{{\rm{x}}^2} + 27{\rm{x}} - 27 \\= {x^3} - 3.{x^2}.3 + 3.x{.3^2} - {3^3} \\= {\left( {x - 3} \right)^3}\)

c) \(8{{\rm{a}}^3} - 12{{\rm{a}}^2}b + 6{\rm{a}}{b^2} - {b^3} \\= {\left( {2{\rm{a}}} \right)^2} - 3.{\left( {2{\rm{a}}} \right)^2}.b + 3.2{\rm{a}}.{b^2} - {b^3} \\= {\left( {2{\rm{a}} - b} \right)^3}\)

d) \(27{{\rm{x}}^3} + 54{{\rm{x}}^2}y + 36{\rm{x}}{y^2} + 8{y^3}\\= {\left( {3{\rm{x}}} \right)^3} + 3.{\left( {3{\rm{x}}} \right)^2}.2y + 3.3{\rm{x}}.{\left( {2y} \right)^2} + {\left( {2y} \right)^3} \\= {\left( {3{\rm{x}} + 2y} \right)^3}\)

\(a){x^2} + \dfrac{1}{2}x + \dfrac{1}{{16}} \\= {x^2} + 2.x.\dfrac{1}{4} + {\left( {\dfrac{1}{4}} \right)^2} \\= {\left( {x + \dfrac{1}{4}} \right)^2}\)

\(b)25{{\rm{x}}^2} - 10{\rm{x}}y + {y^2} \\= {\left( {5{\rm{x}}} \right)^2} - 2.5{\rm{x}}.y + {y^2} \\= {\left( {5{\rm{x}} - y} \right)^2}\)

\(\begin{array}{l}c){x^3} + 9{{\rm{x}}^2}y + 27{\rm{x}}{y^2} + 27{y^3}\\ = {x^3} + 3{{\rm{x}}^2}.3y + 3.x.{\left( {3y} \right)^2} + {\left( {3y} \right)^3}\\ = {\left( {x + 3y} \right)^3}\end{array}\)

\(\begin{array}{l}d)64{{\rm{x}}^3} - 48{{\rm{x}}^2}y + 12{\rm{x}}{y^2} - {y^3}\\ = {\left( {4{\rm{x}}} \right)^3} - 3.{\left( {4{\rm{x}}} \right)^2}.y + 3.4{\rm{x}}.{y^2} - {y^3}\\ = {\left( {4{\rm{x}} - y} \right)^3}\end{array}\)

a) \(9{{\rm{x}}^2} - 16 = {\left( {3{\rm{x}}} \right)^2} - {4^2} = \left( {3{\rm{x}} - 4} \right)\left( {3{\rm{x}} + 4} \right)\) 

b)  \(25 - 16{y^2} = {5^2} - {\left( {4y} \right)^2} = \left( {5 - 4y} \right)\left( {5 + 4y} \right)\)

\(\begin{array}{l}a)3{{\rm{x}}^2} - 6{\rm{x}}y + 3{y^2} - 5{\rm{x}} + 5y\\ = \left( {3{{\rm{x}}^2} - 6{\rm{x}}y + 3{y^2}} \right) - \left( {5{\rm{x}} - 5y} \right)\\ = 3\left( {{x^2} - 2{\rm{x}}y + {y^2}} \right) - 5\left( {x - y} \right)\\ = 3{\left( {x - y} \right)^2} - 5\left( {x - y} \right)\\ = \left( {x - y} \right)\left[ {3\left( {x - y} \right) - 5} \right] = \left( {x - y} \right)\left( {3{\rm{x}} - 3y - 5} \right)\end{array}\)

\(\begin{array}{l}b)2{{\rm{x}}^2}y + 4{\rm{x}}{y^2} + 2{y^3} - 8y\\ = 2y\left[ {\left( {{x^2} + 2{\rm{x}}y + {y^2}} \right) - 4} \right]\\ = 2y\left[ {{{\left( {x + y} \right)}^2} - {2^2}} \right]\\ = 2y\left( {x + y + 2} \right)\left( {x + y - 2} \right)\end{array}\)

\(8{{\rm{x}}^3} - 36{{\rm{x}}^2}y + 54{\rm{x}}{y^2} - 27{y^3} = {\left( {2{\rm{x}}} \right)^3} - 3.\left( {2{\rm{x}}} \right).3y + 3.2{\rm{x}}.{\left( {3y} \right)^2} - {\left( {3y} \right)^3} = {\left( {2{\rm{x}} - 3y} \right)^3}\)

\(\)\(a)\frac{1}{{4{\rm{x}}{y^2}}}\)và \(\frac{5}{{6{{\rm{x}}^2}y}}\)

Ta có: MTC là : \(12{{\rm{x}}^2}{y^2}\).

Nhân tử phụ của phân thức \(\frac{1}{{4{\rm{x}}{y^2}}}\)là 3x

Nhân tử phụ của phân thức \(\frac{5}{{6{{\rm{x}}^2}y}}\)là 2y

Khi đó: \(\frac{1}{{4{\rm{x}}{y^2}}} = \frac{{1.3{\rm{x}}}}{{4{\rm{x}}{y^2}.3{\rm{x}}}} = \frac{{3{\rm{x}}}}{{12{{\rm{x}}^2}{y^2}}}\)

\(\frac{5}{{6{{\rm{x}}^2}y}} = \frac{{5.2y}}{{6{{\rm{x}}^2}y.2y}} = \frac{{10y}}{{12{{\rm{x}}^2}{y^2}}}\)

 \(b)\frac{9}{{4{{\rm{x}}^2} - 36}}\)và \(\frac{1}{{{x^2} + 6{\rm{x}} + 9}}\).

Ta có: \(\begin{array}{l}4{{\rm{x}}^2} - 36 = 4({x^2} - 9) = 4(x - 3)(x + 3)\\{x^2} + 6{\rm{x}} + 9 = {(x + 3)^2}\end{array}\)

MTC là: \(4(x - 3){(x + 3)^2}\)

Nhân tử phụ của phân thức \(\frac{9}{{4{{\rm{x}}^2} - 36}}\)là: x + 3

Nhân tử phụ của phân thức \(\frac{1}{{{x^2} + 6{\rm{x}} + 9}}\)là 4(x – 3)

Khi đó: \(\begin{array}{l}\frac{9}{{4{{\rm{x}}^2} - 36}} = \frac{9}{{4({x^2} - 9)}} = \frac{9}{{4(x - 3)(x + 3)}} = \frac{{9(x + 3)}}{{4(x - 3){{(x + 3)}^2}}}\\\frac{1}{{{x^2} + 6{\rm{x}} + 9}} = \frac{1}{{{{(x + 3)}^2}}} = \frac{{4(x - 3)}}{{4(x - 3){{(x + 3)}^2}}}\end{array}\)

\(a)4{{\rm{x}}^2} - 12{\rm{x}}y + 9{y^2} = {\left( {2{\rm{x}}} \right)^2} - 2.2{\rm{x}}.3y + {\left( {3y} \right)^2} = {\left( {2{\rm{x}} - 3y} \right)^2}\)

\(b){x^3} + 9{{\rm{x}}^2} + 27{\rm{x}} + 27 = {x^3} + 3.{x^2}.3 + 3.x{.3^2} + {3^3} = {\left( {x + 3} \right)^3}\)

\(c)8{y^3} - 12{y^2} + 6y - 1 = {\left( {2y} \right)^3} - 3.{\left( {2y} \right)^2}.1 + 3.2y{.1^2} - {1^3} = {\left( {2y - 1} \right)^3}\)

\(\begin{array}{l}d) {\left( {2{\rm{x}} + y} \right)^2} - 4{y^2}\\ = {\left( {2{\rm{x}} + y} \right)^2} - {\left( {2y} \right)^2}\\ = \left( {2{\rm{x}} + y + 2y} \right)\left( {2{\rm{x}} + y - 2y} \right) = \left( {2{\rm{x}} + 3y} \right)\left( {2{\rm{x}} - y} \right)\end{array}\)

\(e) 27{y^3} + 8 = {\left( {3y} \right)^3} + {2^3} = \left( {3y + 2} \right)\left( {9{y^2} - 6y + 4} \right)\)

\(g) 64 - 125{{\rm{x}}^3} = {4^3} - {\left( {5{\rm{x}}} \right)^3} = \left( {4 - 5{\rm{x}}} \right)\left( {16 + 20{\rm{x}} + 25{{\rm{x}}^2}} \right)\)

\(\begin{array}{l}\frac{{2{{\rm{x}}^2} + 1}}{{4{\rm{x}} - 1}} = \frac{{8{{\rm{x}}^3} + 4{\rm{x}}}}{Q}\\ \Rightarrow Q = \frac{{\left( {8{{\rm{x}}^3} + 4{\rm{x}}} \right)\left( {4{\rm{x}} - 1} \right)}}{{2{{\rm{x}}^2} + 1}}\\Q = \frac{{4{\rm{x}}\left( {2{{\rm{x}}^2} + 1} \right)\left( {4{\rm{x}} - 1} \right)}}{{2{{\rm{x}}^2} + 1}}\\Q = 4{\rm{x}}\left( {4{\rm{x}} - 1} \right) = 16{{\rm{x}}^2} - 4{\rm{x}}\end{array}\)

Đáp án D

a) Thay x = -1, y = 1 vào đa thức A ta được:

\(\begin{array}{l}A = 4.{\left( { - 1} \right)^6} - 2.{\left( { - 1} \right)^2}{.1^3} - 5.\left( { - 1} \right).1 + 2\\A = 4 - 2 + 5 + 2 = 9\end{array}\)

Vậy A =9 tại x = -1; y = 1

Thay x = -1, y = 1 vào đa thức B ta được:

\(\begin{array}{l}B = 3.{\left( { - 1} \right)^2}{.1^3} + 5.\left( { - 1} \right).1 - 7\\B = 3 - 5 - 7 =  - 9\end{array}\)

Vậy B = -9 tại x = -1; y = 1

b) Ta có:

\(\begin{array}{l}A + B = \left( {4{{\rm{x}}^6} - 2{{\rm{x}}^2}{y^3} - 5{\rm{x}}y + 2} \right) + \left( {3{{\rm{x}}^2}{y^3} + 5{\rm{x}}y - 7} \right)\\ = 4{{\rm{x}}^6} - 2{{\rm{x}}^2}{y^3} - 5{\rm{x}}y + 2 + 3{{\rm{x}}^2}{y^3} + 5{\rm{x}}y - 7\\ = 4{{\rm{x}}^6} + \left( { - 2{{\rm{x}}^2}{y^3} + 3{{\rm{x}}^2}{y^3}} \right) + \left( { - 5{\rm{x}}y + 5{\rm{x}}y} \right) + 2 - 7\\ = 4{{\rm{x}}^6} + {x^2}{y^3} - 5\end{array}\)

\(\begin{array}{l}A - B = \left( {4{{\rm{x}}^6} - 2{{\rm{x}}^2}{y^3} - 5{\rm{x}}y + 2} \right) - \left( {3{{\rm{x}}^2}{y^3} + 5{\rm{x}}y - 7} \right)\\ = 4{{\rm{x}}^6} - 2{{\rm{x}}^2}{y^3} - 5{\rm{x}}y + 2 - 3{{\rm{x}}^2}{y^3} - 5{\rm{x}}y + 7\\ = 4{{\rm{x}}^6} + \left( { - 2{{\rm{x}}^2}{y^3} - 3{{\rm{x}}^2}{y^3}} \right) + \left( { - 5{\rm{x}}y - 5{\rm{x}}y} \right) + 2 + 7\\ = 4{{\rm{x}}^6} - 5{x^2}{y^3} - 10{\rm{x}}y + 9\end{array}\)