\(B=3+3^2+3^3+3^4+...+3^{2009}+3^{2010}\)

\(=\left(3+3^2\right)+\left(3^3+3^4\right)+...+\left(3^{2009}+3^{2010}\right)\)

\(=3\left(1+3\right)+3^3\left(1+3\right)+...+3^{2009}\left(1+3\right)\)

\(=4.\left(3+3^3+...+3^{2009}\right)\)

⇒ \(B\) ⋮ 4

b: \(C=5\left(1+5+5^2\right)+...+5^{2008}\left(1+5+5^2\right)=31\cdot\left(5+...+5^{2008}\right)⋮31\)

Lời giải:
a. $(x-3)(y+1)=5=1.5=5.1=(-1)(-5)=(-5)(-1)$
Vì $x-3, y+1$ cũng là số nguyên nên ta có bảng sau:

b.

$A=21+5+(5^2+5^3)+(5^4+5^5)+....+(5^{98}+5^{99})$

$=26+5^2(1+5)+5^4(1+5)+....+5^{98}(1+5)$

$=2+24+(1+5)(5^2+5^4+...+5^{98}$

$=2+24+6(5^2+5^4+....+5^{98})=2+6(4+5^2+5^4+...+5^{98})$

$\Rightarrow A$ chia $6$ dư $2$.

\(A=5+5^2+5^3+...+5^{20}\)

\(A=\left(5+5^2\right)+\left(5^3+5^4+5^5\right)+...+\left(5^{18}+5^{19}+5^{20}\right)\)

\(A=30+5^3\cdot31+...+5^{18}\cdot31\)

\(A=30+31\cdot\left(5^3+5^6+...+5^{18}\right)\)

Mà: \(31\cdot\left(5^3+5^6+...+5^{18}\right)\) ⋮ 31

\(\Rightarrow A=30+31\cdot\left(5^3+5^6+...+5^{18}\right)\) chia cho 31 dư 30 

A = 5 + 5² + 5³ +...+ 5²⁰

A = 5²⁰ + 5¹⁹ + 5¹⁸ +...+ 5³ + 5² + 5

A = (5²⁰ + 5¹⁹ + 5¹⁸) + (5¹⁷ + 5¹⁶ + 5¹⁵) +...+ (5⁵ + 5⁴ + 5³) + (5²+ 5)

A = 5¹⁸.( 5² + 5 + 1) + 5¹⁵.(5² + 5 + 1) +...+ 5³.(5²+ 5 + 1) + (25 + 5)

A = 5¹⁸. 31 + 5¹⁵.31 +...+ 5³.31 + 30

A = 31.(5¹⁸ + 5¹⁵ +...+ 5³) + 30

31 ⋮ 31 ⇒ 31.(5¹⁸ + 5¹⁵ +...+5³) ⋮ 31 mà 30 : 31 = 0 dư 31 

Vậy A : 31 dư 30 

\(=5+\left(5^2+5^3\right)+\left(5^4+5^5\right)+...+\left(5^{2020}+5^{2021}\right)\\ =5+5\left(5+5^2\right)+5^3\left(5+5^2\right)+...+5^{2019}\left(5+5^2\right)\\ =5+\left(5+5^2\right)\left(5+5^3+...+5^{2019}\right)\\ =5+31\left(5+5^3+...+5^{2019}\right)\)

Vậy BT chia 31 dư 5