a: a^3-a=a(a^2-1)

=a(a-1)(a+1)

Vì a;a-1;a+1 là ba số liên tiếp

nên a(a-1)(a+1) chia hết cho 3!=6

=>a^3-a chia hết cho 6

\(\left(a-b+c\right)+\left(a+b+c\right)=2\left(a+c\right)\) chẵn

\(\Rightarrow a-b+c\) và \(a+b+c\) cùng tính chẵn lẻ

Mà \(a-b+c=123\) lẻ \(\Rightarrow a+b+c\) lẻ

Ta có:

\(a-b+c=123\Rightarrow\left(a-b+c\right)\left(a+b+c\right)=123\left(a+b+c\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(a+c\right)^2-b^2=123\left(a+b+c\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow a^2+c^2-b^2=123\left(a+b+c\right)-2ac\)

\(123\left(a+b+c\right)\) lẻ và \(-2ac\) chẵn

\(\Rightarrow123\left(a+b+c\right)-2ac\) lẻ

\(\Rightarrow a^2-b^2+c^2\) lẻ

Hay \(a^2-b^2+c^2\) chia 2 dư 1

Đặt \(P=\dfrac{a^3}{a^2+b^2+ab}+\dfrac{b^3}{b^2+c^2+bc}+\dfrac{c^3}{c^2+a^2+ca}\)

Ta có: \(\dfrac{a^3}{a^2+b^2+ab}=a-\dfrac{ab\left(a+b\right)}{a^2+b^2+ab}\ge a-\dfrac{ab\left(a+b\right)}{3\sqrt[3]{a^3b^3}}=a-\dfrac{a+b}{3}=\dfrac{2a-b}{3}\)

Tương tự: \(\dfrac{b^3}{b^2+c^2+bc}\ge\dfrac{2b-c}{3}\) ; \(\dfrac{c^3}{c^2+a^2+ca}\ge\dfrac{2c-a}{3}\)

Cộng vế:

\(P\ge\dfrac{a+b+c}{3}=673\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=673\)

\(\)Ta có: \(a+b+c=0 \Rightarrow b+c=-a \Rightarrow (b+c)^2=(-a)^2 \Leftrightarrow b^2+c^2+2bc=a^2 \Leftrightarrow a^2-b^2-c^2=2bc\)

Tương tự: \(b^2-c^2-a^2=2ca;c^2-a^2-b^2=2ab\)

\(P=...=\dfrac{a^2}{2bc}+\dfrac{b^2}{2ca}+\dfrac{c^2}{2bc}=\dfrac{a^3+b^3+c^3}{2abc}=\dfrac{3abc}{2abc}=\dfrac{3}{2}\)

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Bổ đề \(a+b+c=0 \Leftrightarrow a^3+b^3+c^3\)

Ở đây ta c/m chiều thuận:
Với \(a+b+c=0 \Leftrightarrow a+b=-c \Rightarrow (a+b)^3=(-c)^3 \Leftrightarrow a^3+b^3+3ab(a+b)=-c^3 \Leftrightarrow a^3+b^3+c^3=3abc(QED)\)

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