Lời giải:
$x^2-2xy+6y^2-12x+2y+41=0$

$\Leftrightarrow (x^2-2xy+y^2)+5y^2-12x+2y+41=0$

$\Leftrightarrow (x-y)^2-12(x-y)+36+5y^2-10y+5=0$

$\Leftrightarrow (x-y-6)^2+5(y-1)^2=0$

Vì $(x-y-6)^2\geq 0; (y-1)^2\geq 0$ với mọi $x,y$

Do đó để tổng trên bằng $0$ thì bản thân mỗi số trên bằng $0$

$\Rightarrow x-y-6=y-1=0$

$\Rightarrow y=1; x=7$

$\Rightarrow P=2021(10-7-2)^{2021}-8(6-7)^{2022}$

$=2021-8=2013$

\(f\left(x,y\right)=\left(x^2+4y^2-4xy\right)+\left(2x-4y\right)+1+\left(y^2-2y+1\right)+1\)

\(f\left(x,y\right)=\left(x-2y\right)^2+2\left(x-2y\right)+1+\left(y-1\right)^2+1\)

\(f\left(x,y\right)=\left(x-2y+1\right)^2+\left(y-1\right)^2+1\)

\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(x-2y+1\right)^2\ge0\\\left(y-1\right)^2\ge0\end{matrix}\right.\)=> f(x;y) >=1 >0 => dpcm

\(f\left(x,y\right)=x^2+4y^2+1-4xy+2x-4y+y^2-2y+1+1\)

\(=\left(x-2y+1\right)^2+\left(y-1\right)^2+1\ge1>0\)

\(\Rightarrowđpcm\)

\(x^2+5y^2-4xy-6y+9=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x^2-4xy+4y^2\right)+\left(y^2-6y+9\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-2y\right)^2+\left(y-3\right)^2=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x-2y=0\\y-3=0\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=6\\y=3\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow A=...\)

Ta có:

\(x^2+5y^2-4x-4xy+6y+5=0\\\Rightarrow[(x^2-4xy+4y^2)-(4x-8y)+4]+(y^2-2y+1)=0\\\Rightarrow[(x-2y)^2-4(x-2y)+4]+(y-1)^2=0\\\Rightarrow(x-2y-2)^2+(y-1)^2=0\)

Ta thấy: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(x-2y-2\right)^2\ge0\forall x,y\\\left(y-1\right)^2\ge0\forall y\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(x-2y-2\right)^2+\left(y-1\right)^2\ge0\forall x,y\)

Mà: \(\left(x-2y-2\right)^2+\left(y-1\right)^2=0\)

nên: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x-2y-2=0\\y-1=0\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=2y+2\\y=1\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=2\cdot1+2=4\\y=1\end{matrix}\right.\)

Thay \(x=4;y=1\) vào \(P\), ta được:

\(P=\left(4-3\right)^{2023}+\left(1-2\right)^{2023}+\left(4+1-5\right)^{2023}\)

\(=1^{2023}+\left(-1\right)^{2023}+0^{2023}\)

\(=1-1=0\)

Vậy \(P=0\) khi \(x=4;y=1\).

????????????????????????????????????/

a/

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x^2+4y^2+1-4xy+2x-4y\right)+\left(y^2-6y+9\right)-19=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-2y+1\right)^2+\left(y-3\right)^2=19\)

Do 19 không thể phân tích thành tổng của 2 số chính phương nên pt vô nghiệm

b/

\(\left(4x^2+4y^2+8xy\right)+\left(x^2-2x+1\right)+\left(y^2+2y+1\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2x+2y\right)^2+\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(y+1\right)^2=0\)

Do x; y nguyên dương nên \(\left(2x+2y\right)^2>0\Rightarrow VT>0\)

Pt vô nghiệm

c/

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x^2+4y^2+25-4xy+10x-20y+25\right)+\left(y^2-2y+1\right)+\left|x+y+z\right|=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-2y+5\right)^2+\left(y-1\right)^2+\left|x+y+z\right|=0\)

Do x;y;z nguyên dương nên \(\left|x+y+z\right|>0\Rightarrow VT>0\)

Vậy pt vô nghiệm

d/

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x^2+y^2+z^2+2xy+2yz+2zx\right)+\left(x^2+10x+25\right)+\left(y^2+6y+9\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y+z\right)^2+\left(x+5\right)^2+\left(y+3\right)^2=0\)

Do x;y;z nguyên dương nên vế phái luôn dương

Pt vô nghiệm