c.

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2+3-\left(3x+1\right)\sqrt{x^2+3}+2x^2+2x=0\)

Đặt \(\sqrt{x^2+3}=t>0\)

\(\Rightarrow t^2-\left(3x+1\right)t+2x^2+2x=0\)

\(\Delta=\left(3x+1\right)^2-4\left(2x^2+2x\right)=\left(x-1\right)^2\)

\(\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}t=\dfrac{3x+1-x+1}{2}=x+1\\t=\dfrac{3x+1+x-1}{2}=2x\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}\sqrt{x^2+3}=x+1\left(x\ge-1\right)\\\sqrt{x^2+3}=2x\left(x\ge0\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x^2+3=x^2+2x+1\left(x\ge-1\right)\\x^2+3=4x^2\left(x\ge0\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x=1\)

a.

Đề bài ko chính xác, pt này ko giải được

b.

ĐKXĐ: \(x\ge-\dfrac{7}{2}\)

\(2x+7-\left(2x+7\right)\sqrt{2x+7}+x^2+7x=0\)

Đặt \(\sqrt{2x+7}=t\ge0\)

\(\Rightarrow t^2-\left(2x+7\right)t+x^2+7x=0\)

\(\Delta=\left(2x+7\right)^2-4\left(x^2+7x\right)=49\)

\(\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}t=\dfrac{2x+7-7}{2}=x\\t=\dfrac{2x+7+7}{2}=x+7\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}\sqrt{2x+7}=x\left(x\ge0\right)\\\sqrt{2x+7}=x+7\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x^2-2x-7=0\left(x\ge0\right)\\x^2+12x+42=0\left(vn\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow x=1+2\sqrt{2}\)

a: \(x^2\cdot2\sqrt{3}+x+1=\sqrt{3}\cdot\left(x+1\right)\)

=>\(x^2\cdot2\sqrt{3}+x\left(1-\sqrt{3}\right)+1-\sqrt{3}=0\)

\(\text{Δ}=\left(1-\sqrt{3}\right)^2-4\cdot2\sqrt{3}\left(1-\sqrt{3}\right)\)

\(=4-2\sqrt{3}-8\sqrt{3}\left(1-\sqrt{3}\right)\)

\(=4-2\sqrt{3}-8\sqrt{3}+24=28-10\sqrt{3}=\left(5-\sqrt{3}\right)^2>0\)

Do đó: Phương trình có hai nghiệm phân biệt là:

\(\left[{}\begin{matrix}x_1=\dfrac{-\left(1-\sqrt{3}\right)-\left(5-\sqrt{3}\right)}{2\cdot2\sqrt{3}}=\dfrac{-1+\sqrt{3}-5+\sqrt{3}}{4\sqrt{3}}=\dfrac{1-\sqrt{3}}{2}\\x_2=\dfrac{-\left(1-\sqrt{3}\right)+5-\sqrt{3}}{2\cdot2\sqrt{3}}=\dfrac{4}{4\sqrt{3}}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\end{matrix}\right.\)

b: \(5x^2-3x+1=2x+31\)

=>\(5x^2-3x+1-2x-31=0\)

=>\(5x^2-5x-30=0\)

=>\(x^2-x-6=0\)

=>(x-3)(x+2)=0

=>\(\left[{}\begin{matrix}x-3=0\\x+2=0\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=3\\x=-2\end{matrix}\right.\)

c: \(x^2+2\sqrt{2}x+4=3\left(x+\sqrt{2}\right)\)

=>\(x^2+2\sqrt{2}x+4-3x-3\sqrt{2}=0\)

=>\(x^2+x\left(2\sqrt{2}-3\right)+4-3\sqrt{2}=0\)

\(\text{Δ}=\left(2\sqrt{2}-3\right)^2-4\left(4-3\sqrt{2}\right)\)

\(=17-12\sqrt{2}-16+12\sqrt{2}=1\)>0

Do đó, phương trình có hai nghiệm phân biệt là:

\(\left[{}\begin{matrix}x_1=\dfrac{-\left(2\sqrt{2}-3\right)-1}{2}=\dfrac{-2\sqrt{2}+3-1}{2}=-\sqrt{2}+1\\x_2=\dfrac{-\left(2\sqrt{2}-3\right)+1}{2}=\dfrac{-2\sqrt{2}+4}{2}=-\sqrt{2}+2\end{matrix}\right.\)