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\(\frac{a}{b}=\frac{b}{c}=\frac{c}{a}\)

Áp dụng tính chất của dãy tỉ số bằng nhau, ta có :

\(\frac{a}{b}=\frac{b}{c}=\frac{c}{a}=\frac{a+b+c}{b+c+a}=1\)

\(\Rightarrow a=b=c\)mà a + b + c = 2019

\(\Rightarrow a=b=c=\frac{2019}{3}=673\)

Lời giải:
Đặt \(\frac{x}{a}=m; \frac{y}{b}=n; \frac{z}{c}=p\). Khi đó:

ĐKĐB $\Leftrightarrow \frac{a^2m^2+b^2n^2+c^2p^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2}=m^2+n^2+p^2$

$\Rightarrow a^2m^2+b^2n^2+c^2p^2=(a^2+b^2+c^2)(m^2+n^2+p^2)$

$\Leftrightarrow a^2n^2+a^2p^2+b^2m^2+b^2p^2+c^2m^2+c^2n^2=0$
$\Rightarrow an=ap=bm=bp=cm=cn=0$

Vì $a,b,c\neq 0$ nên $m=n=p=0$

$\Rightarrow x=y=z=0$

Khi đó:

$\frac{x^{2019}+y^{2019}+z^{2019}}{a^{2019}+b^{2019}+c^{2019}}=0$

$\frac{x^{2019}}{a^{2019}}=\frac{y^{2019}}{b^{2019}}=\frac{z^{2019}}{c^{2019}}=0$

$\Rightarrow$ đpcm

Lời giải:

PT $\Leftrightarrow \frac{a+b-x}{c}+1+\frac{a+c-x}{b}+1+\frac{b+c-x}{a}+1+\frac{4x}{a+b+c}-4=0$

$\Leftrightarrow \frac{a+b+c-x}{c}+\frac{a+b+c-x}{b}+\frac{a+b+c-x}{a}-\frac{4(a+b+c-x)}{a+b+c}=0$

$\Leftrightarrow (a+b+c-x)(\frac{1}{c}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{a}-\frac{4}{a+b+c})=0$

$\Rightarrow a+b+c-x=0$ hoặc $\frac{1}{c}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{a}-\frac{4}{a+b+c}=0$
Nếu $\frac{1}{c}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{a}-\frac{4}{a+b+c}=0$, khi đó $x$ nhận mọi giá trị thực.

Nếu $\frac{1}{c}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{a}-\frac{4}{a+b+c}\neq 0$

$\Rightarrow a+b+c-x=0$
$\Rightarrow x=a+b+c$

Có: \(a+b+c=1\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b+c\right)^2=1\)

Áp dụng tính chất của dãy tỉ số bằng nhau, ta có:

\(\dfrac{x}{a}=\dfrac{y}{b}=\dfrac{z}{c}=\dfrac{x+y+z}{a+b+c}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{x^2}{a^2}=\dfrac{y^2}{b^2}=\dfrac{z^2}{c^2}=\dfrac{\left(x+y+z\right)^2}{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}=\dfrac{x^2+y^2+z^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2}\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(x+y+z\right)^2=x^2+y^2+z^2\) (do \(\left(a+b+c\right)^2=a^2+b^2+c^2=1\))

ĐKXĐ: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a\ne0\\b\ne0\\c\ne0\end{matrix}\right.\)Ta có: \(\dfrac{x^2+y^2+z^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2}=\dfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\dfrac{z^2}{c^2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\cdot\dfrac{x^2+y^2+z^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2}=\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\cdot\left(\dfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\dfrac{z^2}{c^2}\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2+y^2+z^2=x^2+\dfrac{x^2\cdot\left(b^2+c^2\right)}{a^2}+y^2+\dfrac{y^2\left(a^2+c^2\right)}{b^2}+z^2+\dfrac{z^2\cdot\left(a^2+b^2\right)}{c^2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2\cdot\dfrac{b^2+c^2}{a^2}+y^2\cdot\dfrac{a^2+c^2}{b^2}+z^2\cdot\dfrac{a^2+b^2}{c^2}=0\)(1)

Vì (1) luôn không âm mà a,b,c≠0

nên x=y=z=0

⇒\(\dfrac{x^{2019}+y^{2019}+z^{2019}}{a^{2019}+b^{2019}+c^{2019}}=\dfrac{0^{2019}+0^{2019}+0^{2019}}{a^{2019}+b^{2019}+c^{2019}}=0\)

mà \(\dfrac{x^{2019}}{a^{2019}}+\dfrac{y^{2019}}{b^{2019}}+\dfrac{z^{2019}}{c^{2019}}=\dfrac{0^{2019}}{a^{2019}}+\dfrac{0^{2019}}{b^{2019}}+\dfrac{0^{2019}}{c^{2019}}=0\)

nên \(\dfrac{x^{2019}+y^{2019}+z^{2019}}{a^{2019}+b^{2019}+c^{2019}}=\dfrac{x^{2019}}{a^{2019}}+\dfrac{y^{2019}}{b^{2019}}+\dfrac{z^{2019}}{c^{2019}}\)

Ta có

\(\dfrac{x}{a}=\dfrac{y}{b}=\dfrac{z}{c}\Rightarrow\dfrac{x^2}{a^2}=\dfrac{y^2}{b^2}=\dfrac{z^2}{c^2}=\dfrac{x^2+y^2+z^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2}=x^2+y^2+z^2\) (1)

Ta có

\(\dfrac{x}{a}=\dfrac{y}{b}=\dfrac{z}{c}=\dfrac{x+y+z}{a+b+c}=x+y+z\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{x^2}{a^2}=\dfrac{y^2}{b^2}=\dfrac{z^2}{c^2}=\left(x+y+z\right)^2=x^2+y^2+z^2+2\left(xy+yz+zx\right)\) (2)

Từ (1) và (2)

\(x^2+y^2+z^2=x^2+y^2+z^2+2\left(xy+yz+zx\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow xy+yz+zx=0\)

a) \(\dfrac{a}{5}=\dfrac{b}{4}\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{25}=\dfrac{b^2}{16}\)

Áp dụng tính chất DTSBN :

\(\dfrac{a^2}{25}=\dfrac{b^2}{16}=\dfrac{a^2-b^2}{25-16}=\dfrac{1}{9}\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a^2=\dfrac{1}{9}\cdot25=\dfrac{25}{9}\\b^2=\dfrac{1}{9}\cdot16=\dfrac{16}{9}\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=\dfrac{5}{3};b=\dfrac{4}{3}\\a=\dfrac{-5}{3};b=-\dfrac{4}{3}\end{matrix}\right.\)

Vậy \(\left(a;b\right)\in\left\{\left(\dfrac{5}{3};\dfrac{4}{3}\right);\left(-\dfrac{5}{3};-\dfrac{4}{3}\right)\right\}\)

b) \(\dfrac{a}{2}=\dfrac{b}{3}=\dfrac{c}{4}\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{4}=\dfrac{b^2}{9}=\dfrac{c^2}{16}\)

Áp dụng tính chất DTSBN :

\(\dfrac{a^2}{4}=\dfrac{b^2}{9}=\dfrac{c^2}{16}=\dfrac{2c^2}{32}=\dfrac{a^2-b^2+2c^2}{4-9+32}=\dfrac{108}{27}=4\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a^2=4.4=16\\b^2=4.9=36\\c^2=4,16=64\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=4;=6;c=8\\a=-4;b=-6;c=-8\end{matrix}\right.\)

Vậy (a;b;c) \(\in\left\{\left(4;6;8\right);\left(-4;-6;-8\right)\right\}\)