a,

`3A=3+3^3+3^3+...+3^{53}`

`3A-A=(3+3^3+3^3+...+3^{53})-(1+3+3^3+3^3+...+3^{52})`

`2A=3^{53}-1`

`A=(3^{53}-1)/2`

b,

`A=1+3+3^3+3^3+...+3^{52}`

`A=(1+3+3^2)+(3^3+3^4+3^5)+....+(3^{50}+3^{51}+3^{52})`

`A=(1+3+3^2)+3^3*(1+3+3^2)+....+3^{50}*(1+3+3^2)`

`A=(1+3+3^2)*(1+3^3+....+3^{50})`

`A=13*(1+3^3+....+3^{50})`

Do `13 \vdots 13 => A=13*(1+3^3+....+3^{50})\vdots 13 `

Vậy `A \vdots 13 `

Lời giải:

$A=1+3+3^2+(3^3+3^4+3^5+3^6)+(3^7+3^8+3^9+3^{10})+...+(3^{87}+3^{88}+3^{89}+3^{90})$

$=13+3^3(1+3+3^2+3^3)+3^7(1+3+3^2+3^3)+....+3^{87}(1+3+3^2+3^3)$

$=13+(1+3+3^2+3^3)(3^3+3^7+...+3^{87})$

$=13+40(3^3+3^7+...+3^{87})$

$\Rightarrow A$ chia 5 dư 3

Do đó A không là scp.

Ta có: 

\(A=1+3+3^2+3^3+...+3^{90}\)

\(3A=3\cdot\left(1+3+3^2+...+3^{90}\right)\)

\(3A=3+3^2+3^3+...+3^{91}\)

\(3A-A=3+3^2+3^3+...+3^{91}-1-3-3^2-...-3^{90}\)

\(2A=3^{91}-1\)

\(A=\dfrac{3^{91}-1}{2}\)

Mà: \(3^{91}-1\) không phải là số chính phương nên \(A=\dfrac{3^{91}-1}{2}\) không phải là số chính phương 

\(A=1+3+3^2+...+3^{50}\)

\(3A=3+3^2+3^3+...+3^{51}\)

\(3A-A=\left(3+3^2+3^3+...+3^{51}\right)-\left(1+3+3^2+...+3^{50}\right)\)

\(2A=3^{51}-1\)

\(A=\dfrac{3^{51}-1}{2}\)

\(A=\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^3}+\dfrac{1}{3^4}+...+\dfrac{1}{3^{99}}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{A}{3}=\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^3}+\dfrac{1}{3^4}+...+\dfrac{1}{3^{100}}\)

\(\Rightarrow A-\dfrac{A}{3}=\dfrac{2A}{3}=\left(\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^3}+...+\dfrac{1}{3^{99}}\right)-\left(\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^3}+\dfrac{1}{3^4}+...+\dfrac{1}{3^{100}}\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{2A}{3}=\left(\dfrac{1}{3^2}-\dfrac{1}{3^2}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{3^3}-\dfrac{1}{3^3}\right)+...+\left(\dfrac{1}{3^{99}}-\dfrac{1}{3^{99}}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{3^{100}}\right)=\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{3^{100}}\)

\(\Rightarrow2A=3\cdot\left(\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{3^{100}}\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow\text{A}=\dfrac{1-\dfrac{1}{3^{99}}}{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow A=\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{2.3^{99}}< \dfrac{1}{2}\)

       A = 1 + 3 + 3² + 3³ + 3⁴ + ... + 3²⁰²²

     3A = 3  + 3² + 3³ + ... + 3⁴ + ... + 3²⁰²² + 3²⁰²³

3A - A = (3 + 3² + 3³ + ... + 3⁴ + 3²⁰²² + 3²⁰²³) - (1 + 3+...+ 3²⁰²²)

2A     = 3 + 3² + 3³ + 3⁴ + ... + 3²⁰²² + 3²⁰²³ - 1 - 3 - ... - 3²⁰²²

2A =  (3 - 3) + (3² - 3²) + (3⁴ - 3⁴) + (3²⁰²² - 3²⁰²²) + (3²⁰²³ - 1)

2A = 3²⁰²³ - 1 

 A  = \(\dfrac{3^{2023}-1}{2}\)

A = \(\dfrac{3^{2023}}{2}\) - \(\dfrac{1}{2}\)

B - A = \(\dfrac{3^{2023}}{2}\) - (\(\dfrac{3^{2023}}{2}\) - \(\dfrac{1}{2}\))

B - A = \(\dfrac{3^{2023}}{2}\) - \(\dfrac{3^{2023}}{2}\) + \(\dfrac{1}{2}\)

B - A = \(\dfrac{1}{2}\)

C gbcgghfdhsgxwvdgdrgdtdgst

S = (1/31+1/32+1/33+...+1/40) + (1/41 + 1/42 + ...+ 1/50) + (1/51 + 1/52+...+1/59+1/60)

Mà : (1/31+1/32+1/33+...+1/40) > 1/40 x 10 = 1/4 (gồm 10 số hạng)

Tương tự : (1/41 + 1/42 + ...+ 1/50) > 1/5 ;   (1/51 + 1/52+...+1/59+1/60) > 1/6

S > 1/4 + 1/5 + 1/6.

Trong khi đó (1/4 + 1/5 + 1/6) > 3/5

Vậy A > 3/5

Phần 2. 

S = (1/31+1/32+1/33+...+1/40) + (1/41 + 1/42 + ...+ 1/50) + (1/51 + 1/52+...+1/59+1/60)

Mà : (1/31+1/32+1/33+...+1/40) < 1/31 x 10 = 10/30 = 1/3 (gồm 10 số hạng)

Tương tự : (1/41 + 1/42 + ...+ 1/50)  < 1/4 ;   (1/51 + 1/52+...+1/59+1/60) < 1/5

Mà S = (1/3 + 1/4 + 1/5) < 4/5 (Vì 1/3 + 1/5 < 3/5 hay 7/12 < 3/5 hay 35/60 < 36/60)

Vậy S <  4/5

Thank You

\(\Leftrightarrow-B=1+3+3^2+...+3^{49}\\ \Leftrightarrow-3B=3+3^2+3^3+...+3^{50}\\ \Leftrightarrow-3B-B=3+3^2+...+3^{50}-1-3-...-3^{49}\\ \Leftrightarrow-4B=3^{50}-1\\ \Leftrightarrow B=\dfrac{1-3^{50}}{4}\)

  VZFVFVNCXN XHF