Many educators believe that it is better for students to (1) ____ school all year round than to have a long summer vacation. Ideally, the summer can (2)____ every bit as productive as the time spent in a classroom. The vacation should be a carefree time, spent outdoors or with family, but, (3)  that most parents work, it is all too often the case that children are left unsupervised. All students forget a certain amount of (4) ____they have learned so teachers are obliged to spend time at the beginning of the year reviewing parts of the curriculum from the (5)        grade. Studies have shown that children from low-income families fall (6)   behind during the summer than children from wealthier backgrounds. One study found that while middle-class children slightly improved their reading skills over the summer months, their (7)    from low-income families lost more than two months in reading achievement.

In order to (8) the problem, some school districts have adopted a year-round schedule with a series of shorter breaks (9) of a three-month summer vacation. A national study (10)  out by the Ohio State University found, however, that year-round schools had no significant impact (11)  how much students learn. They found that children learned about as (12)  in year-round schools using a nine- month calender. And while poorer students at the beginning suffers learning loss during the summer months, those at the year-round schools also did (13) _ during the shorter breaks. The author of the (14)  suggested that poor students (15)  to attend more days of school, otherwise they will fall behind.

Also sgraffito, in art, a technique of producing a design by incising  or (01)     through a surface layer of paint or plaster to reveal a contrasting undercoat. The term is (02)  from an Italian word meaning “scratched”. True graffito techniques are found primarily in (03)       , medieval, and Renaissance art, but the (04) _ is usually extended to include any technique that involves scratching a design on stone or  plaster with a sharp instrument. Graffiti are abundant in ancient Egyptian and Roman art and have been found  in  Pompeii  and  the  Roman  catacombs. Many (05)  ancient graffiti, scratched on walls by passersby, have been unearthed, the most famous of which is a caricature of Christ on the (06)     , found on the walls of the Domus Gelotiana on the Palatine Hill in Rome in 1856. Graffito techniques involving the incising of gold leaf in illustrated manuscripts were common in the Middle Ages, and the facades of Renaissance palaces often sported differently colored coats of plaster (07)    graffito effects. In the 20th century (08)  have used a free style of graffito technique in (09)   large areas are cut away from the surface layer, often producing graduated tones midway between the overlay and the (10) .