Put a tick (√) if the relative pronoun can be omitted. If not, put a cross (x).
……1. The woman who I saw was American.
……2. Look at the animal whose tail is so short.
……3. He is the man to whom this place belongs.
……4. The smoke which you see is from the hills.
……5. They are the people on whom you can rely.
……6. It’s Mr. Harrison who teaches us this subject.
……7. These are the documents that I’ve been looking for.
……8. She is the most charming woman that I’ve ever seen.
……9. She’s the girl whose pet has been missing for two days.
……10. Ho Chi Minh, who was born in Nghe An, is a great leader.
……11. The company which made this product is very well – known.
……12. These books are the only things of which the old man takes care.
……13. The newspaper that my father is reading doesn’t interest me at all.
……14. The little house which is located on the coast over there is very nice.
……15. The natural disasters which are called “Tidal Waves” often occur suddenly.

* Put a tick (√) if the relative pronoun can be omitted. If not, put a cross (x).
……1. The woman who I saw was American.
……2. Look at the animal whose tail is so short.
……3. He is the man to whom this place belongs.
……4. The smoke which you see is from the hills.
……5. They are the people on whom you can rely.
……6. It’s Mr. Harrison who teaches us this subject.
……7. These are the documents that I’ve been looking for.
……8. She is the most charming woman that I’ve ever seen.
……9. She’s the girl whose pet has been missing for two days.
……10. Ho Chi Minh, who was born in Nghe An, is a great leader.
……11. The company which made this product is very well – known.
……12. These books are the only things of which the old man takes care.
……13. The newspaper that my father is reading doesn’t interest me at all.
……14. The little house which is located on the coast over there is very nice.
……15. The natural disasters which are called “Tidal Waves” often occur suddenly

Underline the relative words in these relative clauses . You write “ V” if  the relative words can be left . If they can’t be left, you write “X” in the space:

1……………This is the desk that I often sit on every day .

1.      ………….The parents thanked the woman who had saved their son .

2.      …………..The factory which closed last week had been there for many years .

3.      …………..I like the ice cream which they sell in that shop.

5…………….. He ate the food which noone else wanted .

6……………..John has got a new mobile phone which takes photos.

7……………..The village where I ran out of petrol didn’t have a petrol station .

8……………...The job which she is doing gives her high income.

9……………..Nam sold his computer , which he no longer needed , to his cousin.

10……………Teddy has two cars , one of which is very expensive .

Underline the relative words in these relative clauses . You write “ V” if  the relative words can be left . If they can’t be left, you write “X” in the space:

1……………This is the desk that I often sit on every day .

1.      ………….The parents thanked the woman who had saved their son .

2.      …………..The factory which closed last week had been there for many years .

3.      …………..I like the ice cream which they sell in that shop.

5…………….. He ate the food which noone else wanted .

6……………..John has got a new mobile phone which takes photos.

7……………..The village where I ran out of petrol didn’t have a petrol station .

8……………...The job which she is doing gives her high income.

9……………..Nam sold his computer , which he no longer needed , to his cousin.

10……………Teddy has two cars , one of which is very expensive .

Exercise 1. Combine the sentences, using relative pronouns and put  relative pronouns in brackets ( ) if they can be omitted.

1.     This is Mary. She is my sister in law.

…………………………………………………………………..

2.     I know the girl. I spoke to this girl this morning.

……………………………………………………………………

3.     The student kept talking about the project. It was done last week.

……………………………………………………………………...

* Combine two sentences into one. Use the sentence in brackets to make a non-defining relative clause.
1. The National Library opens every weekday. (The library is on the second floor).
The National Library, which is on the second floor, opens every weekday.
2. Developed countries are helping developing countries. (They are ahead in education and wealth.)
Developed countries, which are ahead in education and wealth, are helping developing countries.
3. Internationalisation has brought about both opportunities and challenges. (It started 15 years ago.)
Internationalsation, which started 15 years ago, has brought about both opportunities and challenges.
4. Smartphones will be used widely in school to support learning. (They help students to write scripts and make videos.)
Smartphones, which help students to write scripts and make videos, will be used widely in school to support learning.
5. Jack London wrote internationally famous novels like Call of the Wild and White Fang. (He is an American writer.)
Jack London, who is an American writer, wrote internationally famous novels like Call of the Wild and White Fang.
6. Have you ever heard about Captain James Cook? (He mapped a lot of places in the world, including Australia and New Zealand).
Have you ever heard about Captain James Cook, who mapped a lot of places in the world, including Australia and New Zealand?

Use a relative pronoun to combine each pair of the sentences. If the relative pronoun can be omitted, write it in brackets :

1. Professor Wilson is an excellent lecturer. He teaches Chemistry.

2. The man is a famous actor. You met him at the party last night.

3. There are some words. They are very difficult to translate.

4. The student writes well. I read her composition.

5. Jim’s sister is a famous architect. You met her yesterday.

6. I received two job offers. I accepted neither of them.

7. I was looking for a book this morning. I’ve found it now.

8. Mrs. Smith does volunteer work at the hospital. She is a retired teacher.

9. I live in a dormitory. Its residents come from many countries.

10. Lake Prespa is a lonely beautiful lake. It’s on the north Greek border.

11. The police blocked off the road. It caused a traffic jam.

12. Felix Reeve is a journalist. His tape recorder was stolen.

13. The famous picture is worth thousands of pounds. It was damaged during the war.

14. The village has around 200 people.The majority of them are farmers.

15. I don’t know the name of the woman. I spoke to her on the phone.

16. We often go to visit our friends in Bristol. It is only 30 miles away.

17. I have to call the man. I accidentally picked his umbrella up after the meeting.

18. Louis knows the woman. The woman is meeting us at the airport tomorrow.

19. The scientist has won the Nobel Prize. He discovered a new planet.

20. The river is the Wye. It flows through Hereford.

21. We climbed to the top of the tower. We had a beautiful view from here.

22. A few days ago I met Diana. I hadn’t seen her for ages.

23. This is a photograph of our friends. We went on holiday with these friends.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 45 to 50.

The Atmosphere of Venus

          Venus, also called the Morning Star and Evening Star, is the second-closest planet to the sun and the brightest object in the night sky. The planet orbits the sun every two hundred and twenty four Earth-days and is sometimes referred to as Earth’s sister planet because the two share both a similar size and bulk. What is not similar, however, is Venus’s atmosphere in comparison to Earth’s atmosphere.

          The atmosphere on Venus is much heavier and has a higher density than that of Earth. Venus’s atmosphere also expands significantly higher than Earth’s atmosphere although a thick cloud cover makes the surface of Venus nearly impossible to see unless observed through radar mapping.

          While the pressure and temperature of Venus’s upper atmosphere are comparable to those of Earth, the heat and pressure of the lower atmosphere are not unlike a furnace. Venus’s atmosphere is very thick due to a composition consisting mainly of carbon dioxide, and a small amount of nitrogen. If man could survive the extreme heat of Venus’s surface (400 degrees Celsius), then he would have to contend with a surface pressure that is more than 90 times that of Earth. Venus’s extremely high temperature is thanks to the greenhouse effect caused by such a large amount of carbon dioxide. The greenhouse effect is a process by which the sun’s infrared radiation is more readily absorbed by the atmosphere. Just like in a real greenhouse used to grow plants years round, the proliferation of carbon dioxide traps radiation and warms Venus’s atmosphere. Due to this phenomenon, Venus boasts a higher atmospheric temperature than Mercury, even though Venus is twice the distance from the sun.

          However, scientists postulate that Venus’s atmosphere was not always so hot. Studies show that large bodies of water were once on Venus’s surface but that eventually evaporation of all the water caused the runaway greenhouse effect which regulates the planet today.Thus Venus has become a critical study for today’s scientists, as human being are only beginning to struggle with the early stages of the greenhouse effect. Our problems do not stem from evaporated water supplies but from a propagation of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases due to industrial and automobile emissions.

          Another interesting characteristic to note regarding Venus’s atmosphere is that its daytime temperatures and nighttime temperatures are not that far removed from each other. This is due to the thermal inertia, the ability of a substance to store heat despite changing temperatures and the transfer of heat by Venus’s strong winds. Although winds on the surface of Venus move slowly in comparison with Earth’s winds, Venus’s air is so dense that a slow-moving there can move large obstructions and even skip stones along the planet’s surface.

          In 1966, humankind made its first attempt at sending a recording instrument into Venus’s atmosphere. The Venera 3 probe did collide with Venus surface; however, the abrupt impact caused its communication system to fail, and it was unable to send and feedback. In 1967, Venera 4 successfully enter Venus’s atmosphere and was able to take many readings, one of which recorded that Venus’s atmosphere was between ninety and ninety-five percent carbon dioxide. Subsequent Venera probes were sent into Venus’s atmosphere, but most of them succumbed to the crushing air pressure.

According to paragraph 1, Venus is named the Morning Star and Evening Star because

A. it is very bright

B. it is close to the sun

C. it can be seen from evening till morning

D. it is used to find the direction by sailors

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 45 to 50.

The Atmosphere of Venus

          Venus, also called the Morning Star and Evening Star, is the second-closest planet to the sun and the brightest object in the night sky. The planet orbits the sun every two hundred and twenty four Earth-days and is sometimes referred to as Earth’s sister planet because the two share both a similar size and bulk. What is not similar, however, is Venus’s atmosphere in comparison to Earth’s atmosphere.

          The atmosphere on Venus is much heavier and has a higher density than that of Earth. Venus’s atmosphere also expands significantly higher than Earth’s atmosphere although a thick cloud cover makes the surface of Venus nearly impossible to see unless observed through radar mapping.

          While the pressure and temperature of Venus’s upper atmosphere are comparable to those of Earth, the heat and pressure of the lower atmosphere are not unlike a furnace. Venus’s atmosphere is very thick due to a composition consisting mainly of carbon dioxide, and a small amount of nitrogen. If man could survive the extreme heat of Venus’s surface (400 degrees Celsius), then he would have to contend with a surface pressure that is more than 90 times that of Earth. Venus’s extremely high temperature is thanks to the greenhouse effect caused by such a large amount of carbon dioxide. The greenhouse effect is a process by which the sun’s infrared radiation is more readily absorbed by the atmosphere. Just like in a real greenhouse used to grow plants years round, the proliferation of carbon dioxide traps radiation and warms Venus’s atmosphere. Due to this phenomenon, Venus boasts a higher atmospheric temperature than Mercury, even though Venus is twice the distance from the sun.

          However, scientists postulate that Venus’s atmosphere was not always so hot. Studies show that large bodies of water were once on Venus’s surface but that eventually evaporation of all the water caused the runaway greenhouse effect which regulates the planet today.Thus Venus has become a critical study for today’s scientists, as human being are only beginning to struggle with the early stages of the greenhouse effect. Our problems do not stem from evaporated water supplies but from a propagation of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases due to industrial and automobile emissions.

          Another interesting characteristic to note regarding Venus’s atmosphere is that its daytime temperatures and nighttime temperatures are not that far removed from each other. This is due to the thermal inertia, the ability of a substance to store heat despite changing temperatures and the transfer of heat by Venus’s strong winds. Although winds on the surface of Venus move slowly in comparison with Earth’s winds, Venus’s air is so dense that a slow-moving there can move large obstructions and even skip stones along the planet’s surface.

          In 1966, humankind made its first attempt at sending a recording instrument into Venus’s atmosphere. The Venera 3 probe did collide with Venus surface; however, the abrupt impact caused its communication system to fail, and it was unable to send and feedback. In 1967, Venera 4 successfully enter Venus’s atmosphere and was able to take many readings, one of which recorded that Venus’s atmosphere was between ninety and ninety-five percent carbon dioxide. Subsequent Venera probes were sent into Venus’s atmosphere, but most of them succumbed to the crushing air pressure.

According to paragraph 3, the greenhouse effect on Venus is owed to

A. the small amounts of nitrogen

B. the rapid increasing amounts of carbon dioxide

C. growing plants

D. the high atmospheric temperatures

Rewrite the following sentences (1-4) using reduced relative clauses:

1. Food that passes from the mouth to the stomach goes through a tube which is called esophagus.

2. Animals that are born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those that are captured in the wild.

3. Hundreds of volunteers went to a northern village yesterday to reinforce firefighters who are trying to save a settlement which is threatened by a forest fire.

4. The children attended a special movie program that consisted of cartoons that featured Donald Duck and Mickey Mouse.

5. Everyone thought I resigned, but actually the boss sacked me.

I...

6. People think my sister began to teach me when I was 5.

I...

7. They should give us the information as soon as possible.

The information...

8. The teacher is going to give us a test next week.

We...

9. Certainly Sam wrote this paper.

The paper must...

10. The contractor advised the couple not to paint their house until the weather warmed up a little.

It was suggested...