TH1: \(x+y+z+t=0\)

\(P=\left(1+\dfrac{x+y}{z+t}\right)^{2023}+\left(1+\dfrac{y+z}{x+t}\right)^{2023}+\left(1+\dfrac{z+t}{x+y}\right)^{2023}+\left(1+\dfrac{t+x}{y+z}\right)^{2023}\)

\(=\left(\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{z+t}\right)^{2023}+\left(\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{x+t}\right)^{2023}+\left(\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{x+y}\right)^{2023}+\left(\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{y+z}\right)^{2023}\)

\(=0+0+0+0=0\) là số nguyên (thỏa mãn)

TH2: \(x+y+z+t\ne0\), áp dụng t/c dãy tỉ số bằng nhau ta có:

\(\dfrac{x}{2023x+y+z+t}=\dfrac{y}{x+2023y+z+t}=\dfrac{z}{x+y+2023z+t}+\dfrac{t}{x+y+z+2023t}\)

\(=\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{\left(2023x+y+z+t\right)+\left(x+2023y+z+t\right)+\left(x+y+2023z+t\right)+\left(x+y+z+2023t\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{2026\left(x+y+z+t\right)}=\dfrac{1}{2026}\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{x}{2023x+y+z+t}=\dfrac{1}{2026}\\\dfrac{y}{x+2023y+z+t}=\dfrac{1}{2026}\\\dfrac{z}{x+y+2023z+t}=\dfrac{1}{2026}\\\dfrac{t}{x+y+z+2023t}=\dfrac{1}{2026}\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2026x=2023x+y+z+t\\2026y=x+2023y+z+t\\2026z=x+y+2023z+t\\2026t=x+y+z+2023t\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}4x=x+y+z+t\\4y=x+y+z+t\\4z=x+y+z+t\\4t=x+y+z+t\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow4x=4y=4z=4t\) (vì đều bằng \(x+y+z+t\))

\(\Rightarrow x=y=z=t\)

Do đó:

\(P=\left(1+\dfrac{x+x}{x+x}\right)^{2023}+\left(1+\dfrac{x+x}{x+x}\right)^{2023}+\left(1+\dfrac{x+x}{x+x}\right)^{2023}+\left(1+\dfrac{x+x}{x+x}\right)^{2023}\)

\(=2^{2023}+2^{2023}+2^{2023}+2^{2023}\)

\(=4.2^{2023}=2^{2025}\in Z\)

Em kiểm tra lại đề, 2 ngoặc cuối bị giống nhau, chắc em ghi nhầm

Lời giải:

Với $x,y,z,t$ là số tự nhiên khác 0 thì:

$\frac{x}{x+y+z}> \frac{x}{x+y+z+t}$

$\frac{y}{x+y+t}> \frac{y}{x+y+z+t}$

$\frac{z}{y+z+t}> \frac{z}{x+y+z+t}$

$\frac{t}{x+z+t}> \frac{t}{x+y+z+t}$

$\Rightarrow M> \frac{x}{x+y+z+t}+\frac{y}{x+y+z+t}+\frac{z}{x+y+z+t}+\frac{t}{x+y+z+t}=\frac{x+y+z+t}{x+y+z+t}=1$
$\Rightarrow M>1(*)$

Mặt khác:

Có: $\frac{x}{x+y+z}-\frac{x+t}{x+y+z+t}=\frac{-yt-tz}{(x+y+z)(x+y+z+t)}<0$

$\Rightarrow \frac{x}{x+y+z}< \frac{x+t}{x+y+z+t}$

Tương tự:

$\frac{y}{x+y+t}< \frac{y+z}{x+y+z+t}$

$\frac{z}{y+z+t}< \frac{z+x}{x+y+z+t}$

$\frac{t}{x+z+t}< \frac{t+y}{x+y+z+t}$

Cộng lại ta được: $M< \frac{(x+t)+(y+z)+(z+x)+(t+t)}{x+y+z+t}=2(**)$

Từ $(*); (**)\Rightarrow 1< M < 2$ nên $M$ không là số tự nhiên.