2:

a: =>2x^2-4x-2=x^2-x-2

=>x^2-3x=0

=>x=0(loại) hoặc x=3

b: =>(x+1)(x+4)<0

=>-4<x<-1

d: =>x^2-2x-7=-x^2+6x-4

=>2x^2-8x-3=0

=>\(x=\dfrac{4\pm\sqrt{22}}{2}\)

a, ĐK: \(x\le-1,x\ge3\)

\(pt\Leftrightarrow2\left(x^2-2x-3\right)+\sqrt{x^2-2x-3}-3=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2\sqrt{x^2-2x-3}+3\right).\left(\sqrt{x^2-2x-3}-1\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}\sqrt{x^2-2x-3}=-\dfrac{3}{2}\left(l\right)\\\sqrt{x^2-2x-3}=1\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-2x-3=1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-2x-4=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x=1\pm\sqrt{5}\left(tm\right)\)

b, ĐK: \(-2\le x\le2\)

Đặt \(\sqrt{2+x}-2\sqrt{2-x}=t\Rightarrow t^2=10-3x-4\sqrt{4-x^2}\)

Khi đó phương trình tương đương:

\(3t-t^2=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}t=0\\t=3\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}\sqrt{2+x}-2\sqrt{2-x}=0\\\sqrt{2+x}-2\sqrt{2-x}=3\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}2+x=8-4x\\2+x=17-4x+12\sqrt{2-x}\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=\dfrac{6}{5}\left(tm\right)\\5x-15=12\sqrt{2-x}\left(1\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

Vì \(-2\le x\le2\Rightarrow5x-15< 0\Rightarrow\left(1\right)\) vô nghiệm

Vậy phương trình đã cho có nghiệm \(x=\dfrac{6}{5}\)

c, ĐK: \(0\le x\le9\)

Đặt \(\sqrt{9x-x^2}=t\left(0\le t\le\dfrac{9}{2}\right)\)

\(pt\Leftrightarrow9+2\sqrt{9x-x^2}=-x^2+9x+m\)

\(\Leftrightarrow-\left(-x^2+9x\right)+2\sqrt{9x-x^2}+9=m\)

\(\Leftrightarrow-t^2+2t+9=m\)

Khi \(m=9,pt\Leftrightarrow-t^2+2t=0\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}t=0\\t=2\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}9x-x^2=0\\9x-x^2=4\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=0\left(tm\right)\\x=9\left(tm\right)\\x=\dfrac{9\pm\sqrt{65}}{2}\left(tm\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

Phương trình đã cho có nghiệm khi phương trình \(m=f\left(t\right)=-t^2+2t+9\) có nghiệm

\(\Leftrightarrow minf\left(t\right)\le m\le maxf\left(t\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow-\dfrac{9}{4}\le m\le10\)

\(\sqrt{x+2\sqrt{2x-4}}+\sqrt{x-2\sqrt{2x-4}}=2\sqrt{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x+2\sqrt{2\left(x-2\right)}}+\sqrt{x-2\sqrt{2\left(x-2\right)}}=2\sqrt{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2x+2\sqrt{\left[x+2\sqrt{2\left(x-2\right)}\text{ }\right]\left[x-2\sqrt{2\left(x-2\right)}\text{ }\right]}=8\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2\sqrt{\left[x+2\sqrt{2\left(x-2\right)}\text{ }\right]\left[x-2\sqrt{2\left(x-2\right)}\text{ }\right]}=8-2x\)

\(\Leftrightarrow4\left[x+2\sqrt{2\left(x-2\right)}\text{ }\right]\left[x-2\sqrt{2\left(x-2\right)}\text{ }\right]=64-32x+4x^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow4x^2-32x+64=64-32x+4x^2+\)

\(\Leftrightarrow64=64\) (Đúng)

⇒ Phương trình có vô số nghiệm.

Vậy \(S=\mathbb R\).

\(\sqrt{x+2\sqrt{2x-4}}+\sqrt{x-2\sqrt{2x-4}}=2\sqrt{2}\)

ĐK: \(x\ge2\), PT tương đương với:

\(x+2\sqrt{2x-4}+2\sqrt{\left(x+2\sqrt{2x-4}\right)\left(x-2\sqrt{2x-4}\right)}+x-2\sqrt{2x-4}=8\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2x+2\sqrt{x^2-4\left(2x-4\right)}=8\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2x+2\sqrt{x^2-8x+16}=8\\ \Leftrightarrow x+\left|x-4\right|=8\)

Với x < 4 => \(x+4-x=8\)

\(\Leftrightarrow4=8\) (loại)

Với \(x\ge4\) => \(x+x-4=8\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x=6\) (thỏa mãn)

\(1,\sqrt{x+2+4\sqrt{x-2}}=5\left(x\ge2\right)\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{x-2}+4\right)^2}=5\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x-2}+4=5\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x-2}=1\\ \Leftrightarrow x-2=1\Leftrightarrow x=3\\ 2,\sqrt{x+3+4\sqrt{x-1}}=2\left(x\ge1\right)\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{x-1}+4\right)^2}=2\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x-1}+4=2\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x-1}=-2\\ \Leftrightarrow x\in\varnothing\left(\sqrt{x-1}\ge0\right)\)

\(3,\sqrt{x+\sqrt{2x-1}}=\sqrt{2}\left(x\ge\dfrac{1}{2};x\ne1\right)\\ \Leftrightarrow x+\sqrt{2x-1}=2\\ \Leftrightarrow x-2=-\sqrt{2x-1}\\ \Leftrightarrow x^2-4x+4=2x-1\\ \Leftrightarrow x^2-6x+5=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(x-5\right)\left(x-1\right)=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=5\left(tm\right)\\x=1\left(loại\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(4,\sqrt{x-2+\sqrt{2x-5}}=3\sqrt{2}\left(x\ge\dfrac{5}{2}\right)\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{2x-4+2\sqrt{2x-5}}=6\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{2x-5}+1\right)^2}=6\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{2x-5}+1=6\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{2x-5}=5\\ \Leftrightarrow2x-5=25\Leftrightarrow x=15\left(TM\right)\)

Lời giải:

a. ĐKXĐ: $x\geq 4$

PT $\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{(x-4)+4\sqrt{x-4}+4}=2$

$\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{(\sqrt{x-4}+2)^2}=2$

$\Leftrightarrow |\sqrt{x-4}+2|=2$

$\Leftrightarrow  \sqrt{x-4}+2=2$

$\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{x-4}=0$

$\Leftrightarrow x=4$ (tm)

b. ĐKXĐ: $x\in\mathbb{R}$

PT $\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{(2x-1)^2}=\sqrt{(x-3)^2}$

$\Leftrightarrow |2x-1|=|x-3|$

\(\Rightarrow \left[\begin{matrix} 2x-1=x-3\\ 2x-1=3-x\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow \left[\begin{matrix} x=-2\\ x=\frac{4}{3}\end{matrix}\right.\)

c.

PT \(\Rightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} 2x-1\geq 0\\ 2x^2-2x+1=(2x-1)^2\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} x\geq \frac{1}{2}\\ 2x^2-2x=0\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} x\geq \frac{1}{2}\\ 2x(x-1)=0\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow x=1\)

a, ĐK: \(x\ge11\)

\(\sqrt{x+\sqrt{x-11}}+\sqrt{x-\sqrt{x-11}}=4\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x+\sqrt{x-11}+x-\sqrt{x-11}+2\sqrt{x^2-x+11}=16\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2x+2\sqrt{x^2-x+11}=16\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x+\sqrt{x^2-x+11}=8\)

Ta thấy \(x+\sqrt{x^2-x+11}>11>\text{​​}8\)

\(\Rightarrow\) phương trình vô nghiệm.

\(a,\sqrt{x+\sqrt{x-11}}+\sqrt{x-\sqrt{x-11}}=4\left(x\ge11\right)\\ \Leftrightarrow x+\sqrt{x-11}+x-\sqrt{x-11}+2\sqrt{\left(x+\sqrt{x-11}\right)\left(x-\sqrt{x-11}\right)}=16\\ \Leftrightarrow2x+2\sqrt{x^2-x+11}=16\\ \Leftrightarrow x+\sqrt{x^2-x+11}=8\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x^2-x+11}=8-x\\ \Leftrightarrow x^2-x+11=x^2-16x+64\\ \Leftrightarrow15x=53\\ \Leftrightarrow x=\dfrac{53}{15}\left(ktm\right)\)

\(b,\sqrt{x+2+3\sqrt{2x-5}}+\sqrt{x-2-\sqrt{2x-5}}=2\sqrt{2}\left(x\ge\dfrac{5}{2}\right)\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{2x-5+6\sqrt{2x-5}+9}+\sqrt{2x-5-2\sqrt{2x-5}+1}=4\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{2x-5}+3\right)^2}+\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{2x-5}-1\right)^2}=4\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{2x-5}+3+\left|\sqrt{2x-5}-1\right|=4\\ \Leftrightarrow\left|\sqrt{2x-5}-1\right|=1-\sqrt{2x-5}\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{2x-5}-1\le0\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{2x-5}\le1\\ \Leftrightarrow2x-5\le1\Leftrightarrow x\le\dfrac{5}{2}\\ \Leftrightarrow x=\dfrac{5}{2}\)

b, ĐK: \(x\ge\dfrac{5}{2}\)

\(\sqrt{x+2+3\sqrt{2x-5}}+\sqrt{x-2-\sqrt{2x-5}}=2\sqrt{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{2x+4+6\sqrt{2x-5}}+\sqrt{2x-4-\sqrt{2x-5}}=4\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{2x-5}+3\right)^2}+\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{2x-5}-1\right)^2}=4\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left|\sqrt{2x-5}+3\right|+\left|\sqrt{2x-5}-1\right|=4\)

Áp dụng BĐT \(\left|a\right|+\left|b\right|\ge\left|a+b\right|\):

\(\left|\sqrt{2x-5}+3\right|+\left|\sqrt{2x-5}-1\right|\)

\(=\left|\sqrt{2x-5}+3\right|+\left|1-\sqrt{2x-5}\right|\)

\(\ge\left|\sqrt{2x-5}+3+1-\sqrt{2x-5}\right|\)

\(=4\)

Đẳng thức xảy ra khi: 

\(\left(\sqrt{2x-5}+3\right)\left(1-\sqrt{2x-5}\right)\ge0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow1-\sqrt{2x-5}\ge0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{2x-5}\le1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow0\le2x-5\le1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{5}{2}\le x\le3\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2x^2+2+2\sqrt{\left(x^2+x+1\right)\left(x^2-x+1\right)}=2x^2+4\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x^4+x^2+1}=1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^4+x^2=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x=0\)

`\sqrt{x^2+x+1}+\sqrt{x^2-x+1}=\sqrt{2x^2+4}`

`<=>2x^2+2+2\sqrt{x^4+x^2+1}=2x^2+3`

`<=>\sqrt{x^4+x^2+1}=1`

`<=>x^4+x^2=0`

`<=>x=0`