19.

\(\left(a+b\right)^2\le2\left(a^2+b^2\right)=4\Rightarrow-2\le a+b\le2\)

\(P=3\left(a+b\right)+ab=3\left(a+b\right)+\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2-\left(a^2+b^2\right)}{2}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a+b\right)^2+3\left(a+b\right)-1\)

Đặt \(a+b=x\Rightarrow-2\le x\le2\)

\(P=\dfrac{1}{2}x^2+3x-1=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(x+2\right)\left(x+4\right)-5\ge-5\) (đpcm)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(x=-2\) hay \(a=b=-1\)

20.

Đặt \(P=2a+2ab+abc\)

\(P=2a+ab\left(2+c\right)\le2a+\dfrac{a}{4}\left(b+2+c\right)^2=2a+\dfrac{a}{4}\left(7-a\right)^2\)

\(P\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(a^3-14a^2+57a-72\right)+18=18-\dfrac{1}{4}\left(8-a\right)\left(a-3\right)^2\le18\) (đpcm)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(\left(a;b;c\right)=\left(3;2;0\right)\)