Bài 4. 

\(\left|x-1\right|+\left|y-2\right|+\left(z-x\right)^2=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}x-1=0\\y-2=0\\z-x=0\end{cases}}\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}x=z=1\\y=2\end{cases}}\)

Bài 3. 

\(\left|x-1\right|+\left|2x-2\right|+\left|4x-4\right|+\left|5x-5\right|=36\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left|x-1\right|+2\left|x-1\right|+4\left|x-1\right|+5\left|x-1\right|=36\)

\(\Leftrightarrow12\left|x-1\right|=36\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left|x-1\right|=3\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\orbr{\begin{cases}x-1=3\\x-1=-3\end{cases}}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\orbr{\begin{cases}x=4\\x=-2\end{cases}}\)

1) Áp dụng bất đẳng thức AM - GM và bất đẳng thức Schwarz:

\(P=\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{ab}}\ge\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{a+b}{2}}\ge\dfrac{4}{a+\dfrac{a+b}{2}}=\dfrac{8}{3a+b}\ge8\).

Đẳng thức xảy ra khi a = b = \(\dfrac{1}{4}\).

2.

\(4=a^2+b^2\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a+b\right)^2\Rightarrow a+b\le2\sqrt{2}\)

Đồng thời \(\left(a+b\right)^2\ge a^2+b^2\Rightarrow a+b\ge2\)

\(M\le\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{4\left(a+b+2\right)}=\dfrac{x^2}{4\left(x+2\right)}\) (với \(x=a+b\Rightarrow2\le x\le2\sqrt{2}\) )

\(M\le\dfrac{x^2}{4\left(x+2\right)}-\sqrt{2}+1+\sqrt{2}-1\)

\(M\le\dfrac{\left(2\sqrt{2}-x\right)\left(x+4-2\sqrt{2}\right)}{4\left(x+2\right)}+\sqrt{2}-1\le\sqrt{2}-1\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(x=2\sqrt{2}\) hay \(a=b=\sqrt{2}\)

3. Chia 2 vế giả thiết cho \(x^2y^2\)

\(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}=\dfrac{1}{x^2}+\dfrac{1}{y^2}-\dfrac{1}{xy}\ge\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\right)^2\)

\(\Rightarrow0\le\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\le4\)

\(A=\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{x^2}+\dfrac{1}{y^2}-\dfrac{1}{xy}\right)=\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\right)^2\le16\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(x=y=\dfrac{1}{2}\)

\(x\left(x-z\right)+y\left(y-z\right)=0\)\(\Leftrightarrow\)\(x^2+y^2=z\left(x+y\right)\)

\(\frac{x^3}{z^2+x^2}=x-\frac{z^2x}{z^2+x^2}\ge x-\frac{z^2x}{2zx}=x-\frac{z}{2}\)

\(\frac{y^3}{y^2+z^2}=y-\frac{yz^2}{y^2+z^2}\ge y-\frac{yz^2}{2yz}=y-\frac{z}{2}\)

\(\frac{x^2+y^2+4}{x+y}=\frac{z\left(x+y\right)+4}{x+y}=z-x-y+\frac{4}{x+y}+x+y\ge z-x-y+4\)

Cộng lại ra minP=4, dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(x=y=z=1\)

\(\dfrac{2x+y}{x-y}=\dfrac{1}{2}\) (ĐKXĐ: \(x\ne y;y\ne0\))

\(\Leftrightarrow4x+2y=x-y\)

\(\Leftrightarrow4x-x=-y-2y\)

\(\Leftrightarrow3x=-3y\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{x}{y}=-\dfrac{3}{3}=-1\) hay \(P=-1\)