Có \(A=n^2\left(n^2+n+1\right)\)

Để A là scp \(\Leftrightarrow n^2+n+1\) là scp

Đặt \(a^2=n^2+n+1\) (\(a\in Z\))

\(\Leftrightarrow4a^2=4n^2+4n+4\)

\(\Leftrightarrow4a^2=\left(2n+1\right)^2+3\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2a-2n-1\right)\left(2a+2n+1\right)=3\)

Do \(a,n\in Z\Rightarrow2a-2n-1;2a+2n+1\) \(\in Z\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2a-2n-1\inƯ\left(3\right)=\left\{-3;-1;1;3\right\}\\2a+2n+1\inƯ\left(3\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

TH1: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2a-2n-1=-3\\2a+2n+1=-1\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow\)\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}4a=-4\\2a+2n+1=-1\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow\)\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=-1\\n=0\end{matrix}\right.\) (tm)

TH2:\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2a-2n-1=-1\\2a+2n+1=-3\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}4a=-4\\2a+2n+1=-3\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=-1\\n=-1\end{matrix}\right.\) (tm)

TH3:\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2a-2n-1=1\\2a+2n+1=3\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}4a=4\\2a+2n+1=3\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=1\\n=0\end{matrix}\right.\) (tm)

TH4:\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2a-2n-1=3\\2a+2n+1=1\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}4a=4\\2a+2n+1=1\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=1\\n=-1\end{matrix}\right.\) (tm)

Vậy n=0 và n=-1 thì A là scp

\(A=n^4+2n^3+2n^2+n+7\)

\(\Rightarrow A=n^4+2n^3+n^2+n^2+n+7\)

\(\Rightarrow A=\left(n^2+n\right)^2+n^2+n+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{27}{4}\)

\(\Rightarrow A=\left(n^2+n\right)^2+\left(n+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^2+\dfrac{27}{4}\)

\(\Rightarrow A>\left(n^2+n\right)^2\left(1\right)\)

Ta lại có :

\(\left(n^2+n+1\right)^2-A\)

\(=n^4+n^2+1+2n^3+2n^2+2n-n^4-2n^3-2n^2-n-7\)

\(=n^2+n-6\)

Để \(n^2+n-6>0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(n+3\right)\left(n-2\right)>0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}n< -3\\n>2\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left(n^2+n+1\right)^2>A\left(2\right)\)

\(\left(1\right),\left(2\right)\Rightarrow\left(n^2+n\right)^2< A< \left(n^2+n+1\right)^2\)

Nên A không phải là số chính phương

Xét \(-3\le n\le2\)

Để A là số chính phương

\(\Rightarrow n\in\left\{-3;-2;-1;0;1;2\right\}\)

Thay các giá trị n vào A ta thấy với \(n=-3;n=2\) ta đều được \(A=49\) là số chính phương

\(\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}n=-3\\n=2\end{matrix}\right.\) thỏa mãn đề bài

Xét $n=0$ không thỏa mãn.

Xét $n\ge 1$

Với n∈Nn∈N thì:$A={}^{}+2{}^{}+2{}^{}+n+7=({}^{}+n{}^{}+{}^{}+n+7>({}^{}+n{}^{}$

Mặt khác, xét :

$A-({}^{}+n+2{}^{}=-3{}^{}-3n+3<0$ với mọi $n\ge 1$

$\iff A<({}^{}+n+2{}^{}$

2

\(n^4+2n^3+2n^2+n+7=k^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(n^2+n\right)^2+\left(n^2+n\right)+7=k^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow4\left(n^2+n\right)^2+4\left(n^2+n\right)+1+27=4k^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2n^2+2n+1\right)^2-4k^2=-27\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2n^2+2n+1-2k\right)\left(2n^2+2n+1+2k\right)=-27\)

Làm nôt

Đặt \(n^4+n^3+1=a^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow64n^4+64n^3+64=\left(8a\right)^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(8n^2+4n-1\right)^2-16n^2+8n+16n^2+63=\left(8a\right)^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(8n^2+4n-1\right)^2+8n+63=\left(8a\right)^2\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(8a\right)^2>\left(8n^2+4n-1\right)^2\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(8a\right)^2\ge\left(8n^2+4n\right)^2\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(8n^2+4n-1\right)^2+8n+63\ge\left(8n^2+4n\right)^2\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(8n^2+4n\right)^2-2\left(8n^2+4n\right)+1+8n+63\ge\left(8n^2+4n\right)^2\)

\(\Rightarrow16n^2\le64\)

\(\Rightarrow n^2\le4\Rightarrow n\in\left\{1;2\right\}\) vì m nguyên dương.

Vậy ....

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