Áp dụng BĐT Cosi cho 2018 số:

\(2017.6^{2018}.\sqrt[2017]{m}+\dfrac{\left(2a\right)^{2018}}{m}\ge2018\sqrt[2018]{\left(6^{2018}.\sqrt[2017]{m}\right)^{2017}\dfrac{\left(2a\right)^{2018}}{m}}=2018.2.6^{2017}.a\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{\left(2a\right)^{2018}}{m}\ge2018.2.6^{2017}.a-2017.6^{2018}.\sqrt[2017]{m}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{2\left(2a\right)^{2018}}{m}\ge2018.4.6^{2017}.a-2017.2.6^{2018}.\sqrt[2017]{m}\)

Tương tự: \(\dfrac{2\left(2b\right)^{2018}}{n}\ge2018.4.6^{2017}.b-2017.2.6^{2018}.\sqrt[2017]{n}\)

\(\dfrac{3.c^{2018}}{p}\ge2018.3.6^{2017}.c-2017.6^{2018}.3.\sqrt[2017]{p}\)

\(\Rightarrow S\ge2018.6^{2017}\left(4a+4b+3c\right)-2017.6^{2018}\left(2\sqrt[2017]{m}+2\sqrt[2017]{n}+3\sqrt[2017]{p}\right)\)

\(\ge2018.6^{2017}.42-2017.6^{2018}.7=7.6^{2018}>6^{2018}\)

Vậy \(S>6^{2018}\)

\(2018\cdot\left(\frac{1}{2017}-\frac{2019}{1009}\right)-2019\cdot\left(\frac{1}{2017}-2\right)=\frac{2018}{2017}-4038-\frac{2019}{2017}+4038\)

\(=\frac{2018}{2017}-\frac{2019}{2017}=-\frac{1}{2017}\)

a/ Ta có:

\(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)}{\left(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}\right)\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)}=\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\)

\(\Rightarrow A=\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{1}+\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}+...+\sqrt{2019}-\sqrt{2018}=\sqrt{2019}-1\)

a.\(A=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}+1}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{2}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{4}+\sqrt{3}}+...+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2019}+\sqrt{2018}}=\dfrac{\sqrt{2}-1}{\left(\sqrt{2}+1\right)\left(\sqrt{2}-1\right)}+\dfrac{\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}}{\left(\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{2}\right)\left(\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}\right)}+...+\dfrac{\sqrt{2019}-\sqrt{2018}}{\left(\sqrt{2019}+\sqrt{2018}\right)\left(\sqrt{2019}-\sqrt{2018}\right)}=\sqrt{2}-1+\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{4}-\sqrt{3}+...+\sqrt{2019}-\sqrt{2018}=\sqrt{2019}-1\)

b/ \(\dfrac{1}{\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n}+n\sqrt{n+1}}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)}\left(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)}{\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)}\left(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}\right)\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)}=\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)}{\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)}}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\)

\(\Rightarrow B=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+...+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2017}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2018}}=1-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2018}}\)

Ta có : \(2018.\left(\frac{1}{2017}-\frac{2019}{1009}\right)-2019.\left(\frac{1}{2017}-2\right)=\frac{2018}{2017}-2019.2-\frac{2019}{2017}+2019.2\)

\(=\frac{2018}{2017}-\frac{2019}{2017}=-\frac{1}{2017}\)

\(2018.\left(\frac{1}{2017}-\frac{2019}{1009}\right)-2019.\left(\frac{1}{2017}-2\right)\)

\(=\frac{2018}{2017}-2018.\frac{2019}{1009}-\frac{2019}{2017}+2019.2\)

\(=\frac{2018}{2017}-2.2019-\frac{2019}{2017}+2.2019\)

\(=\frac{2018}{2017}-\frac{2019}{2017}=-\frac{1}{2017}\)

a.

\(x=9-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{\dfrac{9-4\sqrt{5}}{4}}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{\dfrac{9+4\sqrt{5}}{4}}}\\ x=9-\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{\sqrt{5}-2}{2}}+\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{\sqrt{5}+2}{2}}\\ x=9-\left(\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{5}-2}-\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{5}+2}\right)=9-8=1\\ \Rightarrow f\left(x\right)=f\left(1\right)=\left(1-1+1\right)^{2016}=1\)

c.

\(=\sin x\cdot\cos x+\dfrac{\sin^2x}{1+\dfrac{\cos x}{\sin x}}+\dfrac{\cos^2x}{1+\dfrac{\sin x}{\cos x}}\\ =\sin x\cdot\cos x+\dfrac{\sin^2x}{\dfrac{\sin x+\cos x}{\sin x}}+\dfrac{\cos^2x}{\dfrac{\sin x+\cos x}{\cos x}}\\ =\sin x\cdot\cos x+\dfrac{\sin^3x}{\sin x+\cos x}+\dfrac{\cos^3x}{\sin x+\cos x}\\ =\sin x\cdot\cos x+\dfrac{\left(\sin x+\cos x\right)\left(\sin^2x-\sin x\cdot\cos x+\cos^2x\right)}{\sin x+\cos x}\\ =\sin x\cdot\cos x-\sin x\cdot\cos x+\sin^2x+\cos^2x\\ =1\)

d.

\(\dfrac{2}{a+b\sqrt{5}}-\dfrac{3}{a-b\sqrt{5}}=-9-20\sqrt{5}\\ \Leftrightarrow\dfrac{-a-5b\sqrt{5}}{\left(a+b\sqrt{5}\right)\left(a-b\sqrt{5}\right)}=-9-20\sqrt{5}\\ \Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a+5b\sqrt{5}}{a^2-5b^2}=9+20\sqrt{5}\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(9+20\sqrt{5}\right)\left(a^2-5b^2\right)=a+5b\sqrt{5}\\ \Leftrightarrow9\left(a^2-5b^2\right)+\sqrt{5}\left(20a^2-100b^2\right)-5b\sqrt{5}=a\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{5}\left(20a^2-100b^2-5b\right)=9a^2-45b^2+a\)

Vì \(\sqrt{5}\) vô tỉ nên để \(\sqrt{5}\left(20a^2-100b^2-5b\right)\) nguyên thì

\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}20a^2-100b^2-5b=0\\9a^2-45b^2+a=0\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}180a^2-900b^2-45b=0\\180a^2-900b^2+20a=0\end{matrix}\right.\\ \Leftrightarrow20a+45b=0\\ \Leftrightarrow4a+9b=0\Leftrightarrow a=-\dfrac{9}{4}b\\ \Leftrightarrow9a^2-45b^2+a=\dfrac{729}{16}b^2-45b^2-\dfrac{9}{4}b=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\dfrac{9}{16}b^2-\dfrac{9}{4}b=0\\ \Leftrightarrow b\left(\dfrac{9}{16}b-\dfrac{9}{4}\right)=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}b=0\\b=4\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}a=0\\a=9\end{matrix}\right.\)

Với \(\left(a;b\right)=\left(0;0\right)\left(loại\right)\)

Vậy \(\left(a;b\right)=\left(9;4\right)\)

Đặt \(2017=a\)

\(A=\sqrt{1+a^2+\dfrac{a^2}{\left(a+1\right)^2}}+\dfrac{a}{a+1}\\ A=\sqrt{\left(a+1\right)^2-2a+\dfrac{a^2}{\left(a+1\right)^2}}+\dfrac{a}{a+1}\\ A=\sqrt{\left(a+1\right)^2-2\left(a+1\right)\cdot\dfrac{a}{a+1}+\left(\dfrac{a}{a+1}\right)^2}+\dfrac{a}{a+1}\\ A=\sqrt{\left(a+1-\dfrac{a}{a+1}\right)^2}+\dfrac{a}{a+1}\\ A=\left|a+1-\dfrac{a}{a+1}\right|+\dfrac{a}{a+1}\)

Ta có \(\dfrac{a}{a+1}< 1\Leftrightarrow a+1-\dfrac{a}{a+1}>0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow A=a+1-\dfrac{a}{a+1}+\dfrac{a}{a+1}=a+1=2018\)

\(\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow-\infty}\dfrac{-a\sqrt{1+\dfrac{1}{x^2}}+\dfrac{2017}{x}}{1+\dfrac{2018}{x}}=-a\Rightarrow a=-\dfrac{1}{2}\)

\(\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow+\infty}\dfrac{bx+1}{\sqrt{x^2+bx+1}+x}=\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow+\infty}\dfrac{b+\dfrac{1}{x}}{\sqrt{1+\dfrac{b}{x}+\dfrac{1}{x^2}}+1}=\dfrac{b}{2}=2\Rightarrow b=4\)

\(\Rightarrow P=2\)

a. ĐKXĐ: \(x\ge-1\)

\(y=\sqrt{x^3+1+2\sqrt{x^3+1}+1}+\sqrt{x^3+1-2\sqrt{x^3+1}+1}\)

\(=\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{x^3+1}+1\right)^2}+\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{x^3+1}-1\right)^2}\)

\(=\left|\sqrt{x^3+1}+1\right|+\left|1-\sqrt{x^3+1}\right|\ge\left|\sqrt{x^3+1}+1+1-\sqrt{x^3+1}\right|=2\)

b.

\(f\left(x\right)=\dfrac{x-1}{2}+\dfrac{2}{x-1}+\dfrac{1}{2}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{2\left(x-1\right)}{2\left(x-1\right)}}+\dfrac{1}{2}=\dfrac{5}{2}\)

c.

\(y=\dfrac{x-2018+1}{\sqrt{x-2018}}=\sqrt{x-2018}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x-2018}}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{\sqrt{x-2018}}{\sqrt{x-2018}}}=2\)