1. Fossil fuels such as coal or oil are burned, so acid gases are produced. (so) => _____________________________________________. 2.  Noise pollution happens casue  the change in animals' living pattern. (causes) => _____________________________________________. 3. The Chernobyl nuclear accident happened. The area is uninhabitable. (made) => _____________________________________________. 4. The environment is polluted. Birds leave their habitats and plants die. (makes) => _____________________________________________. 5. The food is contaminated. People's health is poor. (results in) => _____________________________________________. 6. Factories release fumes. The air people breathe gets polluted. (due to) => _____________________________________________. 7. Plastic bags are a major source of waste. We should not throw plastic bags everywhere. (so) => _____________________________________________. 8. Because I am too poor, I cannot buy this house. ( Because of) => _____________________________________________. 9. Because the dress was so beautiful, I bought it. ( Because of) => _____________________________________________. 10. Acid rain is dangerous. Trees' leaves are damaged. (due to) => _____________________________________________. 11. Rain was so heavy that the streets were flooded. ( Because) => _____________________________________________. 12. He tried very hard. As a result, he passed a master’s degree. ( Because) => _____________________________________________. 13. This shirt is torn. Therefore, I take it for repairs. (since) => _____________________________________________. 14. Radioactive pollution is very dangerous. It can cause abnormal growth. (since) => _____________________________________________. 15. Leaves are damaged. The tree cannot get enough food energy to stay healthy. (because) => _____________________________________________

1. The air is so dirty. I sneeze so much. (conditional setence type 2)
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Their children have birth defects. The parents were exposed to radiation. (because)
________________________________________________________________________________
3. The air pollution causes breathing problems. (leads) ____________________________________________________________________
4. Acid rain is dangerous. Trees’ leaves are damaged. (because of)
____________________________________________________________________ 5. Noise pollution happens. There is a change in animals’ living pattern. (causes)
____________________________________________________________________
6. Fossil fuels such as coal or oil are burned. Acid gases are produced. (so)
____________________________________________________________________
7. Radioactive pollution is very dangerous. It can cause abnormal growth. (since)
____________________________________________________________________
8. The area is empty. The nuclear accident happened. (made)
____________________________________________________________________

1. The air is so dirty. I sneeze so much. (conditional setence type 2)
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Their children have birth defects. The parents were exposed to radiation. (because)
________________________________________________________________________________
3. The air pollution causes breathing problems. (leads) ____________________________________________________________________
4. Acid rain is dangerous. Trees’ leaves are damaged. (because of)
____________________________________________________________________ 5. Noise pollution happens. There is a change in animals’ living pattern. (causes)
____________________________________________________________________
6. Fossil fuels such as coal or oil are burned. Acid gases are produced. (so)
____________________________________________________________________
7. Radioactive pollution is very dangerous. It can cause abnormal growth. (since)
____________________________________________________________________
8. The area is empty. The nuclear accident happened. (made)
____________________________________________________________________

Combine the following sentences using the words in brackets.

1. Noise pollution happens. There is a change in animals' living pattern. (causes)

→ ....................................................................

2. Radioactive pollution is very dangerous. It can cause abnormal growth. (since)

→ ......................................................................

3. The area is uninhabitable. The Chernobyl nuclear accident happened. (made)

→ ........................................................................

4. Fossil fuels such as coal or oil are burned. Acidgases are produced. (so)

→ ........................................................................

5. Acid rain is dangerous. Trees' leaves are damaged. (because of)

→ ........................................................................

6. Leaves are damaged. The tree cannot get enough food energy to stay healthy. (because)

→ ............................................................................

IV. Read and choose the answer.

                                        FOSSIL FUELS

The sun’s energy is stored in coal, natural gas, water and wind. Coal, oil and natural gas are known as fossil fuels. Fossil fuels were formed over millions of years when the remains and fossils of prehistoric plants and animals sank to the bottom of swamps and oceans.

We use the energy in these fossils fuels to make electricity. We use electricity in many different  ways. We light and heat our homes, schools and businesses using electricity, and to run computers, refrigerators, washing machines and air conditioners. Our cars and planes run on gasoline, which comes from oil. As of the year 2013, most of the energy we use comes from fossil fuels.
1. Where is the sun’s energy stored?

__________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the example of fossil fuels?

__________________________________________________________________________

3. Where do we get most of electricity from?

__________________________________________________________________________

4. What do we use electricity for? 

__________________________________________________________________________

5. Where does gasoline some from?

__________________________________________________________________________

Almost all our energy comes from oil, coal, and natural gas. We call them fossil fuels. The earth’s fossil fuels are running out. What will happen when there is no coal, oil and gas on earth? Scientists are trying to find and use other alternative sources of energy. We can use energy from the sun, the wind, and the water. Solar energy is unlimited. The sun supplies all the energy used to grow plants, to evaporate water for rain, and to maintain the temperature of the planet. All are necessary for human life. If we are able to collect solar energy, we will be sure to have this abundant source of power. Another source of energy from nature is the wind which is clean and plentiful. Energy from the wind has been used for centuries to move ships, grind grain, pump water and do other forms of work. In recent time, wind has been used to generate electricity. Water can also provide power. For a long time, people have used water to power machines. Some early uses of water were to mill grain, saw wood and power machinery for the textile industry. Today water is mostly used to generate electricity. 28. The fossil fuels on earth are ....................... A. unlimited B. being used up C. renewable D. not uesd now 29. Solar energy means the power from the ............................. A. fossil fuel B. temperature C. electricity D. sun 30. The word “abundant” in the passage is closest in meaning to ............................ A. necessary B. limited C. plentiful D. natural 31. Centuries ago, people used wind power to ........................... A. get water from underground B. grow plants C. maintain the earth’s temperature D. generate electricity 32. Nowadays water energy is mainly used to ................................ A. power machine B. mill grain C. saw wood D. generate electricity

Almost all our energy comes from oil, coal, and natural gas. We call them fossil fuels. The earth’s fossil fuels are running out. What will happen when there is no oil, coal and gas on the earth? Scientists are trying to find and use other alternative sources of energy. We can use energy from the sun, the wind, and the water. Solar energy is unlimited. The sun supplies all the energy used to grow plants, to evaporate water for the rain, and to maintain the temperature of the planet. All are necessary for human life. If we are able to collect solar energy, we will be sure to have this abundant source of power.

66.What are the other words or phrase for fossil fuels?

A. oil                       B. oil, gas, natural gas         C. natural gas                      D. coal

67.Natural sources of energy are energy from      .

A. the sun, wind, water                                      B. water                              C. wind                   D. the sun

68.From which do plants on the earth get energy?

A. the moon            B. the sun                           C. stars                              D. the Mars

69.We are asking the question, “What will happen when there is no oil, coal, and gas on the earth?” because           .

A. we are looking for other alternative sources of energy                                 B. we are looking forward to seeing great changes

C. we are now depending so much on oil, coal, and natural gas

D. other sources of energy can come from the sun, wind, and water

70.The word “abundant” in the passage is closest in meaning with            .

A. natural                B. necessary                       C. plentiful                          D. Limited

Read the following passage and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for the questions.

 In the course of history, human inventions have dramatically increased the average amount of energy available for use per person. Primitive people in cold regions burned wood and animal dung to heat their caves, cook food, and drive off animals by fire. The first step toward the developing of more efficient fuels was taken when people discovered that they could use vegetable oils and animal fats in lieu of gathered or cut wood. Charcoal gave off a more intensive heat than wood and was more easily obtainable than organic fats. The Greeks first began to use coal for metal smelting in the 4^th century, but it did not come into extensive use until the Industrial Revolution.

 In the 1700s, at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, most energy used in the United States and other nations undergoing industrialization was obtained from perpetual and renewable sources, such as wood, water streams, domesticated animal labor, and wind. These were predominantly locally available supplies. By mid-1800s, 91 percent of all commercial energy consumed in the United States and European countries was obtained from wood. However, at the beginning of the 20^th century, coal became a major energy source and replaced wood in industrializing countries. Although in most regions and climate zones wood was more readily accessible than coal, the latter represents a more concentrated source of energy. In 1910, natural gas and oil firmly replaced coal as the main source of fuel because they are lighter and, therefore, cheaper to transport. They burned more cleanly than coal and polluted less. Unlike coal, oil could be refined to manufacture liquid fuels for vehicles, a very important consideration in the early 1900s, when the automobile arrived on the scene.

 By 1984, nonrenewable fossil fuels, such as oil, coal, and natural gas, provided over 82 percent of the commercial and industrial energy used in the world. Small amounts of energy were derived from nuclear fission, and the remaining 16 percent came from burning direct perpetual and renewable fuels, such as biomass. Between 1700 and 1986, a large number of countries shifted from the use of energy from local sources to a centralized generation of hydropower and solar energy converted to electricity. The energy derived from nonrenewable fossil fuels has been increasingly produced in one location and transported to another, as is the case with most automobile fuels. In countries with private, rather than public transportation, the age of nonrenewable fuels has created a dependency on a finite resource that will have to be replaced

According to the passage, the sources of fossil fuels will have to be replaced because

A. they need to be transported 

B. they are not efficient

C. their use is centralized 

D. their supply is limited

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 30 to 37.

  In the course of its history, human inventions have dramatically increased the average amount of energy available for use per person. Primitive peoples in cold regions burned wood and animal dung to heat their caves, cook food, and drive off animals by fire. The first step toward the developing of more efficient fuels was taken when people discovered that they could use vegetable oils and animal fats in lieu of gathered or cut wood. Charcoal gave off more intensive heat than wood and was more easily obtainable than organic fats. The Greeks first began to use coal for metal smelting in the 4th century, but it did not come into extensive use until the Industrial Revolution.

  In the 1700s, at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, most energy used in the United States and other nations undergoing industrialization was obtained from perpetual and renewable sources, such as wood, water streams, domesticated animal labor, and wind. These were predominantly locally available supplies. By mid-1800s, 91 percent of all commercial energy consumed in the United States and European countries was obtained from wood. However, at he beginning of the 20th century, coal became a major energy source and replaced wood in industrializing countries. Although in most regions and climate zones wood was more readily accessible than coal, the latter represents a more concentrated source of energy. In 1910, natural gas and oil firmly replaced coal as the main source of fuel because they are lighter and, therefore, cheaper to transport. They burned more cleanly than coal and polluted less. Unlike coal, oil could be refined to manufacture liquid fuels for vehicles, a very important consideration in the early 1900s, when the automobile arrived on the scene.

  By 1984, non-renewable fossil fuels, such as oil, coal, and natural gas, provided over 82 percent of the commercial and industrial energy used in the world. Small amounts of energy were derived from nuclear fission, and the remaining 16 percent came from burning direct perpetual and renewable fuels, such as biomass. Between 1700 and 1986, a large number of countries shifted from the use of energy from local sources to a centralized generation of hydropower and solar energy converted to electricity. The energy derived from non-renewable fossil fuels has been increasingly produced in one location and transported to another, as is the case with most automobile fuels. In countries with private, rather than public transportation, the age of non-renewable fuels has created a dependency on a finite resource that will have to be replaced.

  Alternative fuel sources are numerous, and shale oil and hydrocarbons are just two examples. The extraction of shale oil from large deposits in Asian and European regions has proven to be labor consuming and costly. The resulting product is sulfur-and nitrogen-rich, and large scale extractions are presently prohibitive. Similarly, the extraction of hydrocarbons from tar sands in Alberta and Utah is complex. Semi-solid hydrocarbons cannot be easily separated from the sandstone and limestone that carry them, and modern technology is not sufficiently versatile for a large-scale removal of the material. However, both sources of fuel may eventually be needed as petroleum prices continue to rise and limitations in fossil fuel availability make alternative deposits more attractive.

According to the passage, what was the greatest advantage of oil as fuel?

A. it was a concentrated source of energy. 

B. it was lighter and cheaper than coal. 

C. it replaced wood and coal and reduced pollution. 

D. it could be converted to automobile fuel.