Ta có:

\(\dfrac{x}{x+y+z+t}< \dfrac{x}{x+y+z}< \dfrac{x}{x+y}\)

\(\dfrac{y}{x+y+z+t}< \dfrac{y}{x+y+t}< \dfrac{y}{x+y}\)

\(\dfrac{z}{x+y+z+t}< \dfrac{z}{y+z+t}< \dfrac{z}{z+t}\)

\(\dfrac{t}{x+y+z+t}< \dfrac{t}{x+z+t}< \dfrac{t}{z+t}\)

Cộng vế với vế ta được:

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{x+y+z+t}< \dfrac{x}{x+y+z}+\dfrac{y}{x+y+t}+\dfrac{z}{y+z+t}+\dfrac{t}{x+z+t}< \dfrac{x+y}{x+y}+\dfrac{z+t}{z+t}\)

\(\Rightarrow1< \dfrac{x}{x+y+z}+\dfrac{y}{x+y+t}+\dfrac{z}{y+z+t}+\dfrac{t}{x+z+t}< 2\)

\(\Rightarrow1< M< 2\)

=> M không là số tự nhiên

\(\left(3^x;3^y;3^z\right)=\left(a;b;c\right)\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a;b;c>0\\ab+bc+ca=abc\end{matrix}\right.\)

BĐT cần chứng minh trở thành:

\(\dfrac{a^2}{a+bc}+\dfrac{b^2}{b+ca}+\dfrac{c^2}{c+ab}\ge\dfrac{a+b+c}{4}\)

Thật vậy, ta có:

\(VT=\dfrac{a^3}{a^2+abc}+\dfrac{b^3}{b^2+abc}+\dfrac{c^3}{c^2+abc}\)

\(VT=\dfrac{a^3}{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}+\dfrac{b^3}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{c^3}{\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}\)

Áp dụng AM-GM:

\(\dfrac{a^3}{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}+\dfrac{a+b}{8}+\dfrac{a+c}{8}\ge\dfrac{3a}{4}\)

Làm tương tự với 2 số hạng còn lại, cộng vế với vế rồi rút gọn, ta sẽ có đpcm

Đặt \(P=\left(\dfrac{x-y}{z}+\dfrac{y-z}{x}+\dfrac{z-x}{y}\right)\left(\dfrac{z}{x-y}+\dfrac{x}{y-z}+\dfrac{y}{z-x}\right)=9\)

Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{x-y}{z}=a\\\dfrac{y-z}{x}=b\\\dfrac{x-z}{y}=c\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow P=\left(a+b+c\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\\ =1+\dfrac{a}{b}+\dfrac{a}{c}+\dfrac{b}{a}+1+\dfrac{b}{c}+\dfrac{c}{a}+\dfrac{c}{b}+1\\ =3+\dfrac{a+c}{b}+\dfrac{a+b}{c}+\dfrac{b+c}{a}\)

Ta có \(\dfrac{a+c}{b}=\dfrac{\dfrac{x-y}{z}+\dfrac{z-x}{y}}{\dfrac{y-z}{x}}=\dfrac{xy-y^2+z^2-xz}{yz}\cdot\dfrac{x}{y-z}\)

\(=\dfrac{\left(z-y\right)\left(y+z-x\right)x}{yz\left(y-z\right)}=\dfrac{x\left(x-y-z\right)}{yz}\)

Mà \(x+y+z=0\Leftrightarrow x=-y-z\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a+c}{b}=\dfrac{x\left(x+x\right)}{yz}=\dfrac{2x^2}{yz}\)

Cmtt ta được \(\dfrac{a+b}{c}=\dfrac{2y^2}{xz};\dfrac{b+c}{a}=\dfrac{2z^2}{xy}\)

Cộng vế theo vế

\(\Leftrightarrow P=\dfrac{2x^2}{yz}+\dfrac{2y^2}{xz}+\dfrac{2z^2}{xy}+3=\dfrac{2x^3+2y^3+2z^3}{xyz}+3\\ \Leftrightarrow P=\dfrac{2\left(x^3+y^3+z^3\right)}{xyz}+3\)

Lại có \(x+y+z=0\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y+z\right)\left(x^2+y^2+z^2-xy-yz-xz\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^3+y^3+z^3-3xyz=0\\ \Leftrightarrow x^3+y^3+z^3=3xyz\)

Thế vào \(P\)

\(\Leftrightarrow P=\dfrac{2\cdot3xyz}{xyz}+3=6+3=9\)

Ta có: \(\dfrac{y-z}{\left(x-y\right)\left(x-z\right)}=\dfrac{y-x+x-z}{\left(x-y\right)\left(x-z\right)}\)\(=\dfrac{y-x}{\left(x-y\right)\left(x-z\right)}+\dfrac{x-z}{\left(x-y\right)\left(x-z\right)}\) \(=\dfrac{1}{z-x}+\dfrac{1}{x-y}\)

Tương tự:

\(\dfrac{z-x}{\left(y-z\right)\left(y-x\right)}=\dfrac{1}{x-y}+\dfrac{1}{y-z}\)

\(\dfrac{x-y}{\left(z-x\right)\left(z-y\right)}=\dfrac{1}{y-z}+\dfrac{1}{z-x}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{y-z}{\left(x-y\right)\left(x-z\right)}+\dfrac{z-x}{\left(y-z\right)\left(y-x\right)}+\dfrac{x-y}{\left(z-x\right)\left(z-y\right)}\) \(=\dfrac{2}{x-y}+\dfrac{2}{y-z}+\dfrac{2}{z-x}\) \(\left(đpcm\right)\)

Từ \(\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}=\dfrac{y}{z+t+x}=\dfrac{z}{t+x+y}=\dfrac{t}{x+y+z}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}+1=\dfrac{y}{z+t+x}+1=\dfrac{z}{t+x+y}+1=\dfrac{t}{x+y+z}+1\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{y+z+t}=\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{z+t+x}=\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{t+x+y}=\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{x+y+z}\)

Vì \(x+y+z+t\ne0\) nên ta đi xét \(x+y+z+t=0\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=-\left(z+t\right)\\y+z=-\left(t+x\right)\\z+t=-\left(x+y\right)\\t+x=-\left(y+z\right)\end{matrix}\right.\). Khi đó

\(P=\left(-1\right)+\left(-1\right)+\left(-1\right)+\left(-1\right)=4\)

Sửa đề: \(\dfrac{x}{x+1}+\dfrac{y}{y+1}+\dfrac{z}{z+1}\ge\dfrac{3}{4}\)

Đặt \(P=\dfrac{x}{x+1}+\dfrac{y}{y+1}+\dfrac{z}{z+1}\)

\(P=\dfrac{x+1}{x+1}-\dfrac{1}{x+1}+\dfrac{y+1}{y+1}-\dfrac{1}{y+1}+\dfrac{z+1}{z+1}-\dfrac{1}{z+1}\)

\(P=1-\dfrac{1}{x+1}+1-\dfrac{1}{y+1}+1-\dfrac{1}{z+1}\)

\(P=3-\left(\dfrac{1}{x+1}+\dfrac{1}{y+1}+\dfrac{1}{z+1}\right)\)

Ta có:

\(\dfrac{1}{x+1}+\dfrac{1}{y+1}+\dfrac{1}{z+1}\ge\dfrac{9}{x+y+z+3}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{x+1}+\dfrac{1}{y+1}+\dfrac{1}{z+1}\ge\dfrac{9}{4}\) ( vì \(x+y+z=1\) )

\(\Rightarrow P\ge3-\dfrac{9}{4}=\dfrac{3}{4}\left(đpcm\right)\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(x+1=y+1=z+1\)

                               \(\Leftrightarrow x=y=z=\dfrac{1}{3}\)

Vậy \(Max_P=\dfrac{3}{4}\) khi \(x=y=z=\dfrac{1}{3}\)