a) \(A=\dfrac{\sqrt{x}+2}{\sqrt{x}-2}=1+\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{x}-2}\)

Để A nguyên thì 4 ⋮ √x - 2

\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{x}-2\inƯ\left(4\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{x}-2\in\left\{1;-1;2;-2;4;-4\right\}\)

\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{x}\in\left\{3;1;4;0;6;-2\right\}\)

Mà x \(\sqrt{x}\ge0\)

=> x thuộc {9; 1; 16; 0; 36}

b) 

a. ĐK \(\hept{\begin{cases}x\ge0\\x\ne-1\\x\ne1\end{cases}}\)

Ta có \(P=\left(1+\frac{\sqrt{x}}{x+1}\right):\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}-1}-\frac{2\sqrt{x}}{x\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{x}-x-1}\right)-1\)

\(=\frac{x+\sqrt{x}+1}{x+1}:\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}-1}-\frac{2\sqrt{x}}{\left(x+1\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)}\right)-1\)

\(=\frac{x+\sqrt{x}+1}{x+1}:\frac{x-2\sqrt{x}+1}{\left(x+1\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)}-1\)\(=\frac{x+\sqrt{x}+1}{x+1}.\frac{\left(x+1\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)}{\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)^2}-1\)

\(=\frac{x+\sqrt{x}+1}{\sqrt{x}-1}-1=\frac{x+\sqrt{x}+1-\sqrt{x}+1}{\sqrt{x}-1}=\frac{x+2}{\sqrt{x}-1}\)

b. Ta có \(P-\sqrt{x}=\frac{x+2-\sqrt{x}\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)}{\sqrt{x}-1}=\frac{x+2-x+\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}-1}=\frac{\sqrt{x}+2}{\sqrt{x}-1}\)

\(=\frac{\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)+3}{\sqrt{x}-1}=1+\frac{3}{\sqrt{x}-1}\)

Để \(P-\sqrt{x}\in Z\Rightarrow\sqrt{x}-1\inƯ\left(3\right)\Rightarrow\sqrt{x}-1\in\left\{-3;-1;1;3\right\}\)

Vậy \(x\in\left\{0;4;16\right\}\)thì \(P-\sqrt{x}\in Z\)

1) \(ĐKXĐ:\hept{\begin{cases}x\ge0\\x\ne4\end{cases}}\)

\(P=\frac{2+\sqrt{x}}{2-\sqrt{x}}-\frac{2-\sqrt{x}}{2+\sqrt{x}}-\frac{4x}{x-4}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow P=\frac{\left(2+\sqrt{x}\right)^2-\left(2-\sqrt{x}\right)^2+4x}{\left(2+\sqrt{x}\right)\left(2-\sqrt{x}\right)}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow P=\frac{4+4\sqrt{x}+x-4+4\sqrt{x}-x+4x}{\left(2+\sqrt{x}\right)\left(2-\sqrt{x}\right)}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow P=\frac{4x+8\sqrt{x}}{\left(2+\sqrt{x}\right)\left(2-\sqrt{x}\right)}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow P=\frac{4\sqrt{x}}{2-\sqrt{x}}\)

2) Để \(P=2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{4\sqrt{x}}{2-\sqrt{x}}=2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow4\sqrt{x}=4-2\sqrt{x}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow6\sqrt{x}=4\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}=\frac{2}{3}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x=\frac{4}{9}\)

Vậy để \(P=2\Leftrightarrow x=\frac{4}{9}\)

3) Khi \(\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)\left(2\sqrt{x}-1\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\orbr{\begin{cases}\sqrt{x}-2=0\\2\sqrt{x}-1==0\end{cases}}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\orbr{\begin{cases}\sqrt{x}=2\\\sqrt{x}=\frac{1}{2}\end{cases}}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\orbr{\begin{cases}x=4\left(ktm\right)\\x=\frac{1}{4}\left(tm\right)\end{cases}}\)

Thay \(x=\frac{1}{4}\)vào P, ta được :

\(\Leftrightarrow P=\frac{4\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}}}{2-\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}}}=\frac{4\cdot\frac{1}{2}}{2-\frac{1}{2}}=\frac{2}{\frac{3}{2}}=\frac{4}{3}\)

4) Để \(P=\frac{\sqrt{x}+3}{2\sqrt{x}-1}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{4\sqrt{x}}{2-\sqrt{x}}=\frac{\sqrt{x}+3}{2\sqrt{x}-1}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow8x-4\sqrt{x}=-x-\sqrt{x}+6\)

\(\Leftrightarrow9x-3\sqrt{x}-6=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow3x-\sqrt{x}-2=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}=3x-2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x=9x^2-12x+4\)

\(\Leftrightarrow9x^2-13x+4=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(9x-4\right)\left(x-1\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}9x-4=0\\x-1=0\end{cases}}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\orbr{\begin{cases}x=\frac{4}{9}\\x=1\end{cases}}\)

Thử lại ta được kết quá : \(x=\frac{4}{9}\left(ktm\right)\); \(x=1\left(tm\right)\)

Vậy để \(P=\frac{\sqrt{x}+3}{2\sqrt{x}-1}\Leftrightarrow x=1\)

5) Để biểu thức nhận giá trị nguyên

\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{4\sqrt{x}}{2-\sqrt{x}}\inℤ\)

\(\Leftrightarrow4\sqrt{x}⋮2-\sqrt{x}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow-4\left(2-\sqrt{x}\right)+8⋮2-\sqrt{x}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow8⋮2-\sqrt{x}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2-\sqrt{x}\inƯ\left(8\right)=\left\{\pm1;\pm2;\pm4;\pm8\right\}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}\in\left\{1;3;0;4;-2;6;-6;10\right\}\)

Ta loại các giá trị < 0

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}\in\left\{1;3;0;4;6;10\right\}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x\in\left\{1;9;0;16;36;100\right\}\)

Vậy để \(P\inℤ\Leftrightarrow x\in\left\{1;9;0;16;36;100\right\}\)

\(\)