\(\frac{1}{\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)}=\frac{1}{2}.\frac{2}{\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)}=\frac{1}{2}.\frac{\left(n+1\right)-\left(n-1\right)}{\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)}\)

\(=\frac{1}{2}\left[\frac{1}{\left(n-1\right)n}-\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}\right]\)

Ta có đpcm. 

\(Q=n^3+\left(n+1\right)^3+\left(n+2\right)^3⋮9\)

\(Q=n^3+n^3+3n^2+3n+1+n^3+6n^2+12n+8\)

\(Q=3n^3+9n^2+15n+9\)

\(Q=3n\left(n^2+5\right)+9\left(n^2+1\right)\)

mà \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}9\left(n^2+1\right)⋮9\\3n⋮3\\n^2+5⋮3\end{matrix}\right.\left(\forall n\inℕ^∗\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow Q=3n\left(n^2+5\right)+9\left(n^2+1\right)⋮9,\forall n\inℕ^∗\)

\(\Rightarrow dpcm\)

Do 2 + 1 chia hết cho 3 nên theo bổ đề LTE ta có \(v_3\left(2^{3^n}+1\right)=v_3\left(2+1\right)+v_3\left(3^n\right)=n+1\).

Do đó \(2^{3^n}+1⋮3^{n+1}\) nhưng không chia hết cho \(3^{n+2}\).

Đặt \(A=n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\left(n+3\right)+1\)

\(=\left[n\left(n+3\right)\right]\left[\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\right]+1\)

\(=\left(n^2+3n\right)\left(n^2+2n+n+2\right)+1\)

Đặt \(n^2+3=t\)

=> \(A=t\left(t+2\right)+1\)

\(=t^2+2t+1\)

\(=\left(t+1\right)^2\)

=> A là số chính phương

Vậy với mọi số tự nhiên n thì \(n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\left(n+3\right)+1\) là số chính phương ( đpcm )
 

\(\left(3^{n+1}-2.2^n\right)\left(3.3^n+2^{n+1}\right).3^{2n+2}+\left(8.2^{n-2}.3^{n+1}\right)^2\)

\(=\left(3^{n+1}-2^{n+1}\right)\left(3^{n+1}+2^{n+1}\right).3^{2n+2}+\left(2^{n+1}.3^{n+1}\right)^2\)

\(=\left(3^{2n+2}-2^{2n+2}\right).3^{2n+2}+2^{2n+2}.3^{2n+2}\)

\(=3^{2\left(2n+2\right)}-2^{2n+2}.3^{2n+2}+2^{2n+2}.3^{2n+2}\)

\(=3^{2\left(2n+2\right)}=\left(3^{2n+2}\right)^2\).

Ta thấy \(\left(3^{2n+2}\right)^2\)luôn là 1 số chính phương với mọi n\(\in\)N

Nên ta có ĐPCM.

\(\left(1+\dfrac{1}{n}\right)^n=C_n^0+C_n^1.\dfrac{1}{n}+C_n^2.\dfrac{1}{n^2}+...+C_n^n.\dfrac{1}{n^n}\)

\(=1+1+C_n^2.\dfrac{1}{n^2}+C_n^3.\dfrac{1}{n^3}+...+C_n^n.\dfrac{1}{n^n}\)

\(=2+C_n^2.\dfrac{1}{n^2}+C_n^3.\dfrac{1}{n^3}+...+C_n^n.\dfrac{1}{n^n}>2\)

Mặt khác:

\(C_n^k.\dfrac{1}{n^k}=\dfrac{n!}{k!\left(n-k\right)!.n^k}=\dfrac{\left(n-k+1\right)\left(n-k+2\right)...n}{n^k}.\dfrac{1}{k!}< \dfrac{n.n...n}{n^k}.\dfrac{1}{k!}=\dfrac{n^k}{n^k}.\dfrac{1}{k!}=\dfrac{1}{k!}\)

\(< \dfrac{1}{k\left(k-1\right)}=\dfrac{1}{k-1}-\dfrac{1}{k}\)

Do đó:

\(C_n^2.\dfrac{1}{n^2}+C_n^3.\dfrac{1}{n^3}+...+C_n^n.\dfrac{1}{n^n}< \dfrac{1}{1}-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{n-1}-\dfrac{1}{n}=1-\dfrac{1}{n}< 1\)

\(\Rightarrow2+C_n^2.\dfrac{1}{n^2}+C_n^3.\dfrac{1}{n^3}+...+C_n^n.\dfrac{1}{n^n}< 2+1=3\) (đpcm)