Exercise2: Using Past participle phrase to combine each pair of sentences into one. 1. We are driving on the road. It was built in 2000 2. The vegetables are sold in this shop. They are grown without chemicals. …… 3. The energy is radiated by the sun. It can boil water and run machines. 4. Flowers are grown in Dalat. We exported them to foreign countries. 5. Cars are made in Korea. They are cheap and beautiful. 6. “The Old Man and the Sea” was written by Hemingway. It is very interesting. 7. Penicillin has saved the lives of millions. It was discovered by Dr. Fleming. 8. Rome, Paris and London are big cities. They are visited every year by millions of tourists. 9. The Great Wall of China was built over 2,000 years ago. It is now one of the seven wonders of the world. 10.The boy was taken to the hospital. He was injured in the accident Exercise3: Using Present participle phrase or Past participle phrase to combine each pair of sentences into one.

VIII/   Astronomy is the studying of the planets and the stars, and people who study astronomy are astronomers. Telescopes help people to learn about our solar system. In 1609, Galileo used one of the first telescopes to look at the night sky. He saw mountains and craters on the Moon, and four moons around Jupiter. The first telescopes were very small. Later, people made' bigger telescopes, and they discovered new planets and moons.

When Galileo looked at a bright area in the night sky, he discovered that it was made of many stars. Later, people discovered that this is the center of our galaxy, the Milky Way. For a long time, astronomers thought that the Milky Way was the only galaxy in the universe. Then in 1930, an American astronomer called Edwin Hubble discovered another galaxy. Now we know that there are billions of galaxies in the universe.

Question 1.  What is the passage mainly about?

      A. Astronomy                  B. Galileo       C. Planets                          D. The Milky Way

Question 2. According to the passage, what is true about Galileo?

      A. He used the first telescope to look at the sky.

      B. Later, he used bigger telescopes to discover other planets and moons.

      C. He discovered the existence of a galaxy, which was later known as the Milky Way.

      D. Galileo worked with Edwin Hubble to discover another galaxy.

Question 3. What does the word “it” in line 6 refer to?

      A. the star                B. the sky       C. the universe           D. the bright area in the night sky     

Question 4. According to the passage, which statement is NOT TRUE?

      A. The first telescopes were small.

      B. The Milky Way was the only galaxy in the universe.

      C. The astronomer who discovered the next galaxy after the Milky Way was an American.

      D. Our universe has billions of galaxies.

Exercise 1: Using Past participle phrase to combine each pair of sentences into one.

1.     We are driving on the road. It was built in 2000.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

2.     The vegetables are sold in this shop. They are grown without chemicals.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

3.     The energy is radiated by the sun. It can boil water and run machines. ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

4.     Flowers are grown in Dalat. We exported them to foreign countries.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

5.     Cars are made in Korea. They are cheap and beautiful.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

6.     “The Old Man and the Sea” was written by Hemingway. It is very interesting.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

7.     Penicillin has saved the lives of millions. It was discovered by Dr. Fleming.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

8.     Rome, Paris and London are big cities. They are visited every year by millions of tourists.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

9.     The Great Wall of China was built over 2,000 years ago. It is now one of the seven wonders of the world.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

10.    The boy was taken to the hospital. He was injured in the accident.

………………………………………………………………………………………………....

10. The vegetables which are sold in this supermarket are grown without chemicals

--->................................................................................................................

11. Do you know the woman who is coming toward us?

--->.........................................................................................

12. The people who were waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet

--->......................................................................................................

13. I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country

--->...........................................................................................................

15. He was the first man who left the burning building

--->....................................................................................

16. The couple who live in the house next door are both college professors

--->.................................................................................................................

17. The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet

--->.......................................................................................................

18. The students who did not come to the class yesterday explain their absence to the teacher

--->............................................................................................................................................

19. Did you get the message which concerned the special meeting?

--->.....................................................................................................

20. Lan is the second student who entered the classrom this morning

--->...........................................................................................................

Reduce relative clauses into relative phrases

1. The couple who live in the house next door are both college professors

.........................................................................................................................................

2. The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet

...........................................................................................................................

3. Did you get the message which concerned the special meeting ?

.....................................................................................................................................

4. Lan is the second student who entered the classroom this morning

.....................................................................................................................................................

5. The psychologists who study the nature of sleep have made important discoveries

.................................................................................................................................................

6. He was the second man who was killed in this way

...............................................................................................................................

7. Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon

...........................................................................................................................................

8. I come from a city which is located in the southern part of the country

..................................................................................................................................

9. The vegetables which are sold in this supermarket are grown without chemicals

................................................................................................................................................

Read the following passage and then choose the best answer A, B, C or D.

Comets are bodies that move around in space. They are something likes stars or small planets that move around the sun. Comets are surrounded by gases and the sun makes those gases look very bright. Dust can get caught in the gas around the comet and make the comet look like it has a tails.

Halley's Comet is the most famous comet, but we can't see it very often. In fact, it can only be seen from the Earth when it moves close the sun. This means that this beautiful comet only comes into our sky every 77 years or so. The last time Halley's Comet was invisible from the Earth was in 1991. Did you see it?

Halley's Comet was named after the English astronomer Edmond Halley. An astronomer studies the star and planets in the solar system. Edmond Halley was born in London, England, in 1656. He studies astronomy at Oxford University. In 1676, he left the university to study the astronomy of the Southern Hemisphere. He wrote a brook about the arrangement of the stars in the sky and the movement of the planets. He made the first accurate map of the stars we see in the sky. He also observed the moon and studied how the Moon affects the ocean tides. He helped find a way to measure distances in space. This measurement was used by other scientists to learn about the size of our solar system and the distances of many star and planets from the Earth.

Halley especially liked to study comets. He read about comets and observed them in the sky. He learned about the way they moved around the Sun — each comet follows a different path around the Sun and travels at its own speed. The path and speed of a body as it moves in space is called its orbit. Halley calculated the orbits of comets that he read about or saw himself. He found the orbits for twenty-four comets.

Halley also noticed that the paths of a comet seen in 1531 and of a comet seen in 1607 were identical to the path of a comet he had observed in 1682. He concluded that these three comets were, in fact, the same comet. Halley predicted that the comet would come again in 1758, and it did! This comet was named “Halley’s Comet” and can be seen from Earth. The first reports of this comet in history were made in 240 B.C. by Chinese astronomers, so we know that it has been orbiting the Sun to more than 2,000 years. Halley’s Comet is not the only comet in our sky, but it is the only one that appears regularly and can be predicted. It is also one of the brightest comets, and people can see it without a telescope.

Like comets, the Earth also travels around the Sun. Sometimes the orbit of t Earth passes through the path of Hailey’s Comet. Like comets, the Earth also travels around the Sun. Sometimes the orbit of the Earth passes through the path of Hailey’s Comet. When this When this happens, dust left behind from the comet falls to Earth. The dust burns and makes brilliant lights like falling stars in the sky. You can see this happen every year in May and October. Astronomers predict that Hailey’s Comet will enter our sky again in 2061. Who do you think will see it?

One of Hailey’s contributions to astronomy was _____

A. giving a name to one of the most famous comets

B. drawing a map of the Southern Hemisphere

C. finding a way to measure distances in space

D. founding the astronomy department at Oxford University

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 42.

Life in the Universe

    Exobiology is the study of life that originates from outside of Earth. As yet, of course, no such a life forms have been found. Exobiologists, however, have done important work in the theoretical study of where life is most likely to evolve, and what those extraterrestrial life forms might be like.

What sorts of planets are most likely to develop life? Most scientists likely to agree that a habitable planet must be terrestrial, or rock-based, with liquid surface water and biogeochemical cycles that somewhat resemble the continuous movement ands transformation of materials in the environment. These cycles include the circulation of elements and nutrients upon which life and the Earth’climate depend. Since (as far as we know) all life is carbon-based, a stable carbon cycle is especially important.

The habitable zone is the region around a star in which planets can develop life. Assuming the need for liquid surface water, it follows that most stars around the size of our sun will be able to sustain habitable zones for billions of years. Stars that are larger than the sun are much hotter and burn out more quickly; life there may not have enough time to evolve. Stars that are smaller than the sun have different problems. First of all, planets is their habitable zones will be so close to the stars that they will be “tidally blocked”- that is one side of the planet will always face the star in perpetual daylight with the other side in perpetual night. Another possible obstacle to life on smaller stars is that they tend to vary in their luminosity, or brightness, due to flares and “star spots”. The variation can be large enough to have harmful effects on the ecosystem. 
Of course, not all stars of the right size will give rise to life; they also must have terrestrial planets with the right kind of orbits. Most solar systems have more than one planet, which influence each other’s orbits with their own gravity. Therefore, in order to have a stable system with no planets flying out into space, the width of a star’s habitable zone. This means that for life to evolve, the largest possible number of life-supporting planets in any star’s habitable zone is two. 
Finally, not all planets meeting the above conditions will necessarily develop life. One major threat is large, frequent asteroid and comet impacts, which will wipe out life each time it tries to evolve. The case of Earth teaches that having large gas gains, such as Saturn and Jupiter, in the outer part of the solar system can help keep a planet safe for life. Due to their strong gravitation, they tend to catch or deflect large objects before they can reach Earth

It can be inferred from the paragraph 3 that ______.

A. the Earth is in the sun’s habitable zone

B. the Earth is tidally locked to the sun.

C. the sun varies in its luminosity.

D. variations in luminosity help life to develop

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 42.

Life in the Universe

Exobiology is the study of life that originates from outside of Earth. As yet, of course, no such life forms have been found. Exobiologists, however, have done important work in the theoretical study of where life is most likely to evolve, and what those extrateưestrial life forms might be like.

What sorts of planets are most likely to develop life? Most scientists agree that a habitable planet must be terrestrial, or rock-based, with liquid surface water and biogeochemical cycles that somewhat resemble Earth’s. Water is an important solvent involved in many biological processes. Biogeochemical cycles are the continuous movement and transformation of materials in the environment. These cycles include the circulation of elements and nutrients upon which life and the Earth’s climate depend. Since (as far as we know) all life is carbon-based, a stable carbon cycle is especially important.

The habitable zone is the region around a star in which planets can develop life. Assuming the need for liquid surface water, it follows that most stars around the size of our sun will be able to sustain habitable zones for billions of years. Stars that are larger than the sun are much hotter and bum out more quickly; life there may not have enough time to evolve. Stars that are smaller than the sun have different problem. First of all, planets in their habitable zones will be so close to the star that they will be “tidally locked” – that is one side of the planet will always face the star in perpetual daylight with the other side in the perpetual night. Another possible obstacle to life on smaller stars is that they tend to vary in their luminosity, or brightness, due to flares and “star spots”. The variation can be large enough to have harmful effects on the ecosystem.

Of course, not all stars of the right size will give rise to life; they also must have terrestrial planets with the right kind of orbits. Most solar systems have more than one planet, which influence each other’s orbits with their own gravity. Therefore, in order to have a stable system with no planets flying out into space, the orbits must be a good distance from one another. Interestingly, the amount of space needed is roughly the width of a star’s habitable zone. This means that for life to evolve, the largest possible number of life-supporting planets in any star’s habitable zone is two.

Finally, not all planets meeting the above conditions will necessarily develop life. One major threat is large, frequent asteroid and comet impacts, which will wipe out life each time it tries to evolve. The case of Earth teaches that having large gas giants, such as Saturn and Jupiter,.in the outer part of the solar system can help keep a planet safe for life. Due to their strong gravitation, they tend to catch or deflect large objects before they can reach Earth.

It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that

A. the Earth is in the sun’s habitable zone   

B. the Earth is tidally locked to the sun

C. the sun varies in its luminosity 

D. variations in luminosity help life to develop