18. Ta có : \(\frac{a}{x}+\frac{b}{y}+\frac{c}{z}=0\Rightarrow\frac{ayz+bxz+cxy}{xyz}=0\Rightarrow ayz+bxz+cxy=0\)

\(\left(\frac{x}{a}+\frac{y}{b}+\frac{z}{c}\right)^2=1\Leftrightarrow\frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}+\frac{z^2}{c^2}+2\left(\frac{xy}{ab}+\frac{yz}{bc}+\frac{xz}{ac}\right)=1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}+\frac{z^2}{c^2}+2xyz\left(\frac{1}{abz}+\frac{1}{xbc}+\frac{1}{acy}\right)=1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}+\frac{z^2}{c^2}+2xyz\left(\frac{ayz+bxz+cxy}{abcxyz}\right)=1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}+\frac{z^2}{c^2}=1\)

19. Nhân cả hai vế của đẳng thức giả thiết với \(\frac{1}{b-c}+\frac{1}{c-a}+\frac{1}{a-b}\)được 

\(\left(\frac{a}{b-c}+\frac{b}{c-a}+\frac{c}{a-b}\right)\left(\frac{1}{b-c}+\frac{1}{c-a}+\frac{1}{a-b}\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{a}{\left(b-c\right)^2}+\frac{b}{\left(c-a\right)^2}+\frac{c}{\left(a-b\right)^2}+\frac{a+b}{\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)}+\frac{b+c}{\left(c-a\right)\left(a-b\right)}+\frac{c+a}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)}=0\)

Ta có ;

 \(\frac{a+b}{\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)}+\frac{b+c}{\left(c-a\right)\left(a-b\right)}+\frac{c+a}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)}=\frac{\left(a+b\right)\left(a-b\right)+\left(b+c\right)\left(b-c\right)+\left(c+a\right)\left(c-a\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)}\)\(=\frac{a^2-b^2+b^2-c^2+c^2-a^2}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)}=0\)

\(\Rightarrow\frac{a}{\left(b-c\right)^2}+\frac{b}{\left(c-a\right)^2}+\frac{c}{\left(a-b\right)^2}=0\)

17. Xét vế trái ; 

\(\frac{a}{b^3-1}+\frac{b}{a^3-1}=\frac{a}{\left(b-1\right)\left(b^2+b+1\right)}+\frac{b}{\left(a-1\right)\left(a^2+a+1\right)}\)

\(=\frac{a}{-a\left(b^2+b+1\right)}+\frac{b}{-b\left(a^2+a+1\right)}=\frac{-1}{b^2+b+1}+\frac{-1}{a^2+a+1}\)

\(=\frac{-\left(a^2+a+1+b^2+b+1\right)}{\left(a^2+a+1\right)\left(b^2+b+1\right)}=\frac{-\left[\left(a+b\right)^2-2ab+3\right]}{a^2b^2+ab\left(a+b\right)+a^2+b^2+ab+2}\)\(=\frac{2\left(ab-2\right)}{a^2b^2+\left(a^2+2ab+b^2\right)+2}=\frac{2\left(ab-2\right)}{a^2b^2+3}\)

Vì \(\frac{x}{a}+\frac{y}{b}+\frac{z}{c}=0\)

\(\Rightarrow\frac{bcx+acy+abz}{abc}=0\)

\(\Rightarrow bcx+acy+abz=0\)

Vì \(\frac{a}{x}+\frac{b}{y}+\frac{c}{z}=2\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(\frac{a}{x}+\frac{b}{y}+\frac{c}{z}\right)^2=4\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(\frac{a}{x}\right)^2+\left(\frac{b}{y}\right)^2+\left(\frac{c}{z}\right)^2+2\left(\frac{ab}{xy}+\frac{bc}{yz}+\frac{ca}{zx}\right)=4\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(\frac{a}{x}\right)^2+\left(\frac{b}{y}\right)^2+\left(\frac{c}{z}\right)^2=4\)

Ta có: \(\frac{x}{a}+\frac{y}{b}+\frac{z}{c}=1\Leftrightarrow\left(\frac{x}{a}+\frac{y}{b}+\frac{z}{c}\right)^2=1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}+\frac{z^2}{c^2}+2\left(\frac{xy}{ab}+\frac{yz}{bc}+\frac{zx}{ca}\right)=1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}+\frac{z^2}{c^2}+2\cdot\frac{xyc+yza+zxb}{abc}=1\)

Mà \(\frac{a}{x}+\frac{b}{y}+\frac{c}{z}=0\Leftrightarrow\frac{yza+zxb+xyc}{xyz}=0\)

\(\Rightarrow yza+zxb+xyc=0\)

\(\Rightarrow A=\frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}+\frac{z^2}{c^2}=1\)

\(D=\frac{a^2}{x^2}+\frac{b^2}{y^2}+\frac{c^2}{z^2}=\left(\frac{a}{x}+\frac{b}{y}+\frac{c}{z}\right)^2-2\left(\frac{ab}{xy}+\frac{bc}{yz}+\frac{ac}{xz}\right)=4-2\frac{abz+bcx+acy}{xyz}\)

từ đề bài => \(\frac{x}{a}+\frac{y}{b}+\frac{c}{z}=\frac{a}{x}+\frac{b}{y}+\frac{c}{z}\Leftrightarrow\frac{abz+bcx+acy}{abc}=\frac{abz+bcx+acy}{xyz}\Rightarrow abc=xyz\)

\(\frac{x}{a}+\frac{y}{b}+\frac{z}{c}=2=>\frac{abz+bcx+acy}{abc}=2.\)mà abc=xyz =>\(\frac{abz+bcx+acy}{xyz}=2.\)

=> \(D=4-2\frac{abz+bcx+acy}{xyz}=4-2\cdot2=0\)

D=2 ²+2 ²+  2²

D=4+4+4

D=12

Ta có \(\frac{2a+b+c}{b+c}=\frac{2b+c+a}{c+a}=\frac{2c+a+b}{a+b}\Rightarrow\frac{2a}{b+c}+1=\frac{2b}{a+c}+1=\frac{2c}{a+b}+1\)

=> \(\frac{a}{b+c}=\frac{b}{a+c}=\frac{c}{a+b}=\frac{a+b+c}{2\left(a+b+c\right)}=\frac{1}{2}\Rightarrow\frac{a}{b+c}+\frac{b}{a+c}+\frac{c}{a+b}=\frac{3}{2}\)

^_^ 

Bài 1: Đặt \(\frac{a}{2016}=\frac{b}{2017}=\frac{c}{2018}=k\)

\(\Rightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}a=2016k\\b=2017k\\c=2018k\end{cases}}\).Thay vào M,ta có:

 \(M=4\left(2016k-2017k\right)\left(2017k-2018k\right)-\left(2018k-2016k\right)^2\)

\(=4.\left(-1k\right)\left(-1k\right)-\left(2k\right)^2\)

\(=4k^2-4k^2=0\)