Có : \(a^2+1=a^2+ab+ac+bc=a\left(a+b\right)+c\left(a+b\right)=\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)\)

Tương tự : \(b^2+1=\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\)và    \(c^2+1=\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)\)

Suy ra : \(S=\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right).\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right).\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow S=\left[\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)\right]^2\)là số chính phương \(\forall\)a ,b ,c nguyên !

với ab+bc+ca=1, ta có 

\(a^2+1=a^2+ab+bc+ca=\left(a^2+ab\right)+\left(bc+ca\right)\)\(=a\left(a+b\right)+c\left(a+b\right)=\left(a+c\right)\left(a+b\right)\)

tương tự tra có \(b^2+1=\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\)

                          \(c^2+1=\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)\)

=> S=\(\left(a+b\right)^2\left(b+c\right)^2\left(c+a\right)^2=\left[\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)\right]^2\) 

mà a,b, c là các số nguyên => \(\left[\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)\right]^2\) là số chính phương 

=> S là số chính phương (ĐPCM)

ta có \(\hept{\begin{cases}a^2+1=a^2+ab+bc+ca=a\left(a+b\right)+c\left(a+b\right)=\left(a+c\right)\left(a+c\right)\\b^2+1=b^2+ab+bc+ca=b\left(a+b\right)+a\left(b+c\right)=\left(b+c\right)\left(b+a\right)\\c^2+1=c^2+ab+bc+ca=c\left(b+c\right)+a\left(b+c\right)=\left(c+a\right)\left(b+c\right)\end{cases}}\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(a^2+1\right)\left(b^2+1\right)\left(c^2+1\right)=\left(a+c\right)\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(a+b\right)\left(c+a\right)\left(b+c\right)\)\(=\left[\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)\right]^2\)

=> đpcm

Ta có: 

\(a^2+1=a^2+ab+bc+ca=\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)\)

Tương tự suy ra biểu thức đã cho bằng \(\left[\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)\right]^2\) và là số chính phương

\(Q=\left(a^2b^2+a^2+b^2+1\right)\left(c^2+1\right)=\)

\(=a^2b^2c^2+a^2b^2+a^2c^2+a^2+b^2c^2+b^2+c^2+1=\)

\(=a^2b^2c^2+\left(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+a^2c^2\right)+\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)+1\) (1)

Ta có

\(\left(ab+bc+ac\right)^2=a^2b^2+b^2c^2+a^2c^2+2ab^2c+2abc^2+2a^2bc=\)

\(=a^2b^2+b^2c^2+a^2c^2+2abc\left(a+b+c\right)=1\)

\(\Rightarrow a^2b^2+b^2c^2+a^2c^2=1-2abc\left(a+b+c\right)\) (2)

Ta có

\(\left(a+b+c\right)^2=a^2+b^2+c^2+2\left(ab+bc+ac\right)=\)

\(=a^2+b^2+c^2+2\)

\(\Rightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2=\left(a+b+c\right)^2-2\) (3)

Thay (2) và (3) vào (1)

\(Q=a^2b^2c^2+1-2abc\left(a+b+c\right)+\left(a+b+c\right)^2-2+1=\)

\(=\left(abc\right)^2-2abc\left(a+b+c\right)+\left(a+b+c\right)^2=\)

\(=\left[abc-\left(a+b+c\right)\right]^2\)

Ta có : \(c\left(ac+1\right)^2=\left(2c+b\right)\left(3c+b\right)\Leftrightarrow c\left(a^2c^2+2ac+1\right)=6c^2+5bc+b^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow c\left(a^2c^2+2ac+1-6c-5b\right)=b^2\)

Gọi \(\left(c;a^2c^2+2ac+1-6c-5b\right)=d\)

Khi đó ta có \(\hept{\begin{cases}c⋮d\\a^2c^2+2ac-6c+1-5b⋮d\end{cases}\Rightarrow1-5b⋮d}\)

Đặt \(\hept{\begin{cases}c=xd\\a^2c^2+2ac-6c+1-5b=yd\end{cases}}\left[x,y\in Z;\left(x;y\right)=1\right]\)

\(\Rightarrow c\left(a^2c^2+2a-6c+1-5b\right)=xyd^2\Rightarrow b^2=xyd^2\)

\(\Rightarrow b⋮d\Rightarrow1⋮d\Rightarrow d=1\)

Vậy c là số chính phương.

ÁP dụng BĐT AM-Gm  ta có: 

\(Σ\frac{a^2}{\left(ab+2\right)\left(2ab+1\right)}\ge\frac{4}{9}\cdotΣ\frac{a^2}{\left(ab+1\right)^2}\)

ĐẶt \(a=\frac{x}{y};b=\frac{y}{z};c=\frac{z}{x}\) thì cần cm

\(Σ\frac{a^2}{\left(ab+1\right)^2}=Σ\left(\frac{xz}{y\left(x+z\right)}\right)^2\ge\frac{3}{4}\)

\(Σ\left(\frac{xz}{y\left(x+z\right)}\right)^2\ge\frac{1}{3}\left(\frac{xz}{y\left(x+z\right)}\right)^2\)

Theo C-S \(Σ\frac{xz}{y\left(x+z\right)}=\frac{\left(xz\right)^2}{xyz\left(x+z\right)}\ge\frac{\left(Σxy\right)^2}{2xy\left(Σx\right)}\ge\frac{3}{2}\)

\(\frac{1}{3}\cdot\left(Σ\frac{xz}{y\left(x+z\right)}\right)^2\ge\frac{1}{3}\cdot\frac{9}{4}=\frac{3}{4}\)

Đúng hay ta có ĐPCM xyar ra khi a=b=c=1

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giả sử c chẵn khi đó ta có:

\(v_2\left(c\right)=v_2\left(5c+2b\right)+v_2\left(2c+b\right)\)

Nếu b lẻ thì ta có: \(v_2\left(c\right)=v_2\left(5c+2b\right)=v_2\left(5c\right)\Rightarrow v_2\left(5c\right)< v_2\left(2b\right)=1\)

Điều này vô lý!

Do đó c lẻ: Xét p|c là 1 ước nguyên tố của c

Ta có: \(v_p\left(c\right)=v_p\left(5c+2b\right)+v_p\left(2c+b\right)\)

Ta thấy \(v_p\left(c\right)>v_p\left(5c+2b\right);v_p\left(2c+b\right)>0\)

Do đó: \(v_p\left(5c+2b\right)=min\left[v_p\left(c\right);v_p\left(4c+2b\right)\right]\)

\(\Rightarrow v_p\left(5c+2b\right)=v_p\left(4c+2b\right)=v_p\left(2c+b\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow v_p\left(c\right)=2v_p\left(5c+2b\right):\)số chẵn nên => c là số chính phương.(đpcm)

\(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}=\frac{1}{abc}\Rightarrow\frac{ab+bc+ca}{abc}=\frac{1}{abc}\Rightarrow ab+bc+ca=1\)

Khi đó: \(\left(1+a^2\right)\left(1+b^2\right)\left(1+c^2\right)=\left[ab+bc+ca+a^2\right]\left[ab+bc+ca+b^2\right]\left[ab+bc+ca+c^2\right]\)

\(=\left[a\left(a+b\right)+c\left(a+b\right)\right]\left[b\left(a+b\right)+c\left(a+b\right)\right]\left[b\left(a+c\right)+c\left(a+c\right)\right]\)

\(=\left(a+b\right)^2\left(a+c\right)^2\left(b+c\right)^2\)là số chính phương.