Ta có: 

\(x^2-6x+y^2-10y=27\)

<=> \(x^2-2.y.3+9+y^2-2.y.5+25-9-25=27\)

<=> \(\left(x-3\right)^2+\left(y-5\right)^2=61\)

<=> \(\left(x-3\right)^2+\left(y-5\right)^2=5^2+6^2\)

Do x, y nguyên dương 

=> x-3 >-3; y-5 >-5 

TH1: \(\hept{\begin{cases}\left(x-3\right)^2=5^2\\\left(y-5\right)^2=6^2\end{cases}}\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}x-3=5\\y-5=6\end{cases}}\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}x=8\\y=11\end{cases}}\)(tm)

TH2: \(\hept{\begin{cases}\left(x-3\right)^2=6^2\\\left(y-5\right)^2=5^2\end{cases}}\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}x-3=6\\y-5=5\end{cases}}\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}x=9\\y=10\end{cases}}\)(tm)

\(4x^2+4x+y^2-6y=24\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(4x^2+4x+1\right)+\left(y^2-6y+9\right)=34\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2x+1\right)^2+\left(y-3\right)^2=34=3^2+5^2\)

\(TH1:\hept{\begin{cases}\left(2x+1\right)^2=3^2\\\left(y-3\right)^2=5^2\end{cases}}\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}x=1\\y=8\end{cases}}\)

\(TH2:\hept{\begin{cases}\left(2x+1\right)^2=5^2\\\left(y-3\right)^2=3^2\end{cases}}\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}x=2\\y=6\end{cases}}\)

Vay.....

\(4x^2+4x+y^2-6y=24\)

\(\Leftrightarrow4x^2+4x+y^2-6y-24=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(4x^2+4x+1\right)+\left(y^2-6y+9\right)-34=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2x+1\right)^2+\left(y-3\right)^2=34\)

Mà \(34=3^2+5^2=\left(-3\right)^2+\left(-5\right)^2\)

Vì là nghiệm nguyên dương nên:

\(\left(2x+1\right)^2+\left(y-3\right)^2=3^2+5^2\)\(\Rightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}\orbr{\begin{cases}\\\end{cases}}\\\orbr{\begin{cases}\\\end{cases}}\end{cases}}\)

\(\Rightarrow\orbr{\begin{cases}2x+1=3\\y-3=5\end{cases}}\)hoặc     \(\orbr{\begin{cases}2x+1=5\\y-3=3\end{cases}}\)

\(\Rightarrow\orbr{\begin{cases}2x=2\\y=8\end{cases}}\)         hoặc     \(\orbr{\begin{cases}2x=4\\y=6\end{cases}}\)

\(\Rightarrow\orbr{\begin{cases}x=1\\y=8\end{cases}}\)           hoặc      \(\orbr{\begin{cases}x=2\\y=6\end{cases}}\)

Vậy các cặp số (x;y) là: (1;8);(2;6)

tách ra đi , nhiều quá zạ 

2. 

\(\frac{2}{2x+1}=\frac{y}{4}\)

\(\Rightarrow y.\left(2x+1\right)=2.4=8\)

\(\Rightarrow y;2x+1\inƯ\left(8\right)\)

Mà 2x + 1 là số lẻ \(\Rightarrow2x+1\in\left\{-1;1\right\}\)

Ta có bảng: