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A Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards, this is a good performance since the worldwide average is 33 percent waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industry’s use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.

B Already, waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also contribute. We need to accept a change in the quality of paper products; for example, stationery may be less white and of a rougher texture. There also needs to support from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous items.

C There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.

D Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained to recognise various types of paper. This is necessary because some types of paper can only be made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down into its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety of contaminating materials, particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting. Various machineries are used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the repulping process, the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in colour because the printing ink has soaked into the individual fibres. This recycled material can only be used in products where the grey colour does not matter, such as cardboard boxes but if the grey colour is not acceptable, the fibres must be de-inked. This involves adding chemicals such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps and detergents, water-hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing agents and bleaching agents. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper they must be refined or treated in such a way that they bond together.

E Most paper products must contain some virgin fibre as well as recycled fibres and unlike glass, paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is down-cycled which means that a product made from recycled paper is of an inferior quality to the original paper. Recycling paper is beneficial in that it saves some of the energy, labour and capital that go into producing virgin pulp. However, recycling requires the use of fossil fuel, a non-renewable energy source, to collect the waste paper from the community and to process it to produce new paper. And the recycling process still creates emissions which require treatment before they can be disposed of safely. Nevertheless, paper recycling is an important economical and environmental practice but one which must be carried out in a rational and viable manner for it to be useful to both industry and the community.

i. Process of paper recycling

ii. Less threat of waste paper to the environment

iii. Collection of paper for recycling

iv. Sources of paper for recycling

v. Bad sides of paper recycling

vi. Contribution of community to recycling paper

Your answer:

1. Paragraph A .......................

2. Paragraph B .......................

3. Paragraph C .......................

4. Paragraph D .......................

5. Paragraph E .......................

A Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards, this is a good performance since the worldwide average is 33 percent waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industry’s use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.

B Already, waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also contribute. We need to accept a change in the quality of paper products; for example, stationery may be less white and of a rougher texture. There also needs to support from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous items.

C There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.

D Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained to recognise various types of paper. This is necessary because some types of paper can only be made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down into its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety of contaminating materials, particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting. Various machineries are used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the repulping process, the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in colour because the printing ink has soaked into the individual fibres. This recycled material can only be used in products where the grey colour does not matter, such as cardboard boxes but if the grey colour is not acceptable, the fibres must be de-inked. This involves adding chemicals such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps and detergents, water-hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing agents and bleaching agents. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper they must be refined or treated in such a way that they bond together.

E Most paper products must contain some virgin fibre as well as recycled fibres and unlike glass, paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is down-cycled which means that a product made from recycled paper is of an inferior quality to the original paper. Recycling paper is beneficial in that it saves some of the energy, labour and capital that go into producing virgin pulp. However, recycling requires the use of fossil fuel, a non-renewable energy source, to collect the waste paper from the community and to process it to produce new paper. And the recycling process still creates emissions which require treatment before they can be disposed of safely. Nevertheless, paper recycling is an important economical and environmental practice but one which must be carried out in a rational and viable manner for it to be useful to both industry and the community.

i. Preocess of paper recycling

ii. Less threat of waste paper to the environment

iii. Collection of paper for recycling

iv. Sources of paper for recycling

v. Bad sides of paper recycling

vi. Contribution of community to recycling paper

Your answer:

1. Paragraph A .......................

2. Paragraph B .......................

3. Paragraph C .......................

4. Paragraph D .......................

5. Paragraph E .......................

Choose the letter A, B, C or D to complete the passage below

There are two main benefits of recycling. Firstly, it reduces the size _________ (6) landfills. One of the biggest reasons_________ (7) recycling has been promoted is that it does reduce the strain on our environment. By utilizing waste products in a constructive way, we can slowly decrease the size of our landfills. _________ (8) the population grows, it will become difficult for the landfills _________ (9) so much trash. When this _________ (10), our cities and beautiful landscapes will face pollution, poisoning and many health problems. The benefits of recycling are that it helps to keep the pollution in check and decrease it little by little. Secondly, it conserves natural resources. Scrap cars, old bottles, junk mail and used rubber tyres _________ (11) becoming common features of our landfills. All of these may _________ (12) endless, but the resources required to make them are finishing off quickly. Recycling allows all of these junk items _________ (13) over and over again so that new resources do not have to be exploited. It conserves natural resources such _________ (14) water, minerals, coal, oil, gas and timber. Another one of the benefits of recycling is that it allows more emphasis to be put on creating technology to utilize what already exists. This is why a number of industries support _________ (15) where they can receive large quantities of recyclable material to convert into new items.

Question 8:

A. As

B. Although

C. But

D. Therefore

Choose the letter A, B, C or D to complete the passage below

There are two main benefits of recycling. Firstly, it reduces the size _________ (6) landfills. One of the biggest reasons_________ (7) recycling has been promoted is that it does reduce the strain on our environment. By utilizing waste products in a constructive way, we can slowly decrease the size of our landfills. _________ (8) the population grows, it will become difficult for the landfills _________ (9) so much trash. When this _________ (10), our cities and beautiful landscapes will face pollution, poisoning and many health problems. The benefits of recycling are that it helps to keep the pollution in check and decrease it little by little. Secondly, it conserves natural resources. Scrap cars, old bottles, junk mail and used rubber tyres _________ (11) becoming common features of our landfills. All of these may _________ (12) endless, but the resources required to make them are finishing off quickly. Recycling allows all of these junk items _________ (13) over and over again so that new resources do not have to be exploited. It conserves natural resources such _________ (14) water, minerals, coal, oil, gas and timber. Another one of the benefits of recycling is that it allows more emphasis to be put on creating technology to utilize what already exists. This is why a number of industries support _________ (15) where they can receive large quantities of recyclable material to convert into new items.

Question 15:

A. industry

B. industries

C. industrial

D. industrially

Choose the letter A, B, C or D to complete the passage below

There are two main benefits of recycling. Firstly, it reduces the size _________ (6) landfills. One of the biggest reasons_________ (7) recycling has been promoted is that it does reduce the strain on our environment. By utilizing waste products in a constructive way, we can slowly decrease the size of our landfills. _________ (8) the population grows, it will become difficult for the landfills _________ (9) so much trash. When this _________ (10), our cities and beautiful landscapes will face pollution, poisoning and many health problems. The benefits of recycling are that it helps to keep the pollution in check and decrease it little by little. Secondly, it conserves natural resources. Scrap cars, old bottles, junk mail and used rubber tyres _________ (11) becoming common features of our landfills. All of these may _________ (12) endless, but the resources required to make them are finishing off quickly. Recycling allows all of these junk items _________ (13) over and over again so that new resources do not have to be exploited. It conserves natural resources such _________ (14) water, minerals, coal, oil, gas and timber. Another one of the benefits of recycling is that it allows more emphasis to be put on creating technology to utilize what already exists. This is why a number of industries support _________ (15) where they can receive large quantities of recyclable material to convert into new items.

Question 14:

A. as

B. like

C. same

D. similar

Choose the letter A, B, C or D to complete the passage below

There are two main benefits of recycling. Firstly, it reduces the size _________ (6) landfills. One of the biggest reasons_________ (7) recycling has been promoted is that it does reduce the strain on our environment. By utilizing waste products in a constructive way, we can slowly decrease the size of our landfills. _________ (8) the population grows, it will become difficult for the landfills _________ (9) so much trash. When this _________ (10), our cities and beautiful landscapes will face pollution, poisoning and many health problems. The benefits of recycling are that it helps to keep the pollution in check and decrease it little by little. Secondly, it conserves natural resources. Scrap cars, old bottles, junk mail and used rubber tyres _________ (11) becoming common features of our landfills. All of these may _________ (12) endless, but the resources required to make them are finishing off quickly. Recycling allows all of these junk items _________ (13) over and over again so that new resources do not have to be exploited. It conserves natural resources such _________ (14) water, minerals, coal, oil, gas and timber. Another one of the benefits of recycling is that it allows more emphasis to be put on creating technology to utilize what already exists. This is why a number of industries support _________ (15) where they can receive large quantities of recyclable material to convert into new items.

Question 10:

A. happens

B. happening

C. happened

D. to happen

Choose the letter A, B, C or D to complete the passage below

There are two main benefits of recycling. Firstly, it reduces the size _________ (6) landfills. One of the biggest reasons_________ (7) recycling has been promoted is that it does reduce the strain on our environment. By utilizing waste products in a constructive way, we can slowly decrease the size of our landfills. _________ (8) the population grows, it will become difficult for the landfills _________ (9) so much trash. When this _________ (10), our cities and beautiful landscapes will face pollution, poisoning and many health problems. The benefits of recycling are that it helps to keep the pollution in check and decrease it little by little. Secondly, it conserves natural resources. Scrap cars, old bottles, junk mail and used rubber tyres _________ (11) becoming common features of our landfills. All of these may _________ (12) endless, but the resources required to make them are finishing off quickly. Recycling allows all of these junk items _________ (13) over and over again so that new resources do not have to be exploited. It conserves natural resources such _________ (14) water, minerals, coal, oil, gas and timber. Another one of the benefits of recycling is that it allows more emphasis to be put on creating technology to utilize what already exists. This is why a number of industries support _________ (15) where they can receive large quantities of recyclable material to convert into new items.

Question 13:

A. to use

B. be used

C. use

D. to be used

Choose the letter A, B, C or D to complete the passage below

There are two main benefits of recycling. Firstly, it reduces the size _________ (6) landfills. One of the biggest reasons_________ (7) recycling has been promoted is that it does reduce the strain on our environment. By utilizing waste products in a constructive way, we can slowly decrease the size of our landfills. _________ (8) the population grows, it will become difficult for the landfills _________ (9) so much trash. When this _________ (10), our cities and beautiful landscapes will face pollution, poisoning and many health problems. The benefits of recycling are that it helps to keep the pollution in check and decrease it little by little. Secondly, it conserves natural resources. Scrap cars, old bottles, junk mail and used rubber tyres _________ (11) becoming common features of our landfills. All of these may _________ (12) endless, but the resources required to make them are finishing off quickly. Recycling allows all of these junk items _________ (13) over and over again so that new resources do not have to be exploited. It conserves natural resources such _________ (14) water, minerals, coal, oil, gas and timber. Another one of the benefits of recycling is that it allows more emphasis to be put on creating technology to utilize what already exists. This is why a number of industries support _________ (15) where they can receive large quantities of recyclable material to convert into new items.

Question 7:

A. what

B. where

C. who

D. why

Choose the letter A, B, C or D to complete the passage below

There are two main benefits of recycling. Firstly, it reduces the size _________ (6) landfills. One of the biggest reasons_________ (7) recycling has been promoted is that it does reduce the strain on our environment. By utilizing waste products in a constructive way, we can slowly decrease the size of our landfills. _________ (8) the population grows, it will become difficult for the landfills _________ (9) so much trash. When this _________ (10), our cities and beautiful landscapes will face pollution, poisoning and many health problems. The benefits of recycling are that it helps to keep the pollution in check and decrease it little by little. Secondly, it conserves natural resources. Scrap cars, old bottles, junk mail and used rubber tyres _________ (11) becoming common features of our landfills. All of these may _________ (12) endless, but the resources required to make them are finishing off quickly. Recycling allows all of these junk items _________ (13) over and over again so that new resources do not have to be exploited. It conserves natural resources such _________ (14) water, minerals, coal, oil, gas and timber. Another one of the benefits of recycling is that it allows more emphasis to be put on creating technology to utilize what already exists. This is why a number of industries support _________ (15) where they can receive large quantities of recyclable material to convert into new items.

Question 9:

A. hold

B. to hold

C. holding

D. held