=(3x-1)^2 - 4^2
= (3x-1-4)(3x-1+4)
=(3x-5)(3x=3)
\(=\left(3x-1-4\right)\left(3x-1+4\right)\)
\(=3\left(x+1\right)\left(3x-5\right)\)
\(\left(3x-1\right)^2-16=\left(3x-1-4\right)\left(3x-1+4\right)=\left(3x-5\right)\left(3x+3\right)=3\left(3x-5\right)\left(x+1\right)\)