a) \(\left(x+1\right)\left(x-1\right)\)
\(=x^2-1^2\)
\(=x^2-1\)
b) \(\left(x+1\right)\left(x-1\right)\left(x^2+1\right)\)
\(=\left(x^2-1\right)\left(x^2+1\right)\)
\(=\left(x^2\right)^2-1^2\)
\(=x^4-1\)
c) \(\left(x+1\right)\left(x-1\right)\left(x^2+1\right)\left(x^2+1\right)-x^8\)
\(=\left(x^2-1\right)\left(x^2+1\right)\left(x^4+1\right)-x^8\)
\(=\left(x^4-1\right)\left(x^4+1\right)-x^8\)
\(=\left(x^4\right)^2-1-x^8\)
\(=x^8-1-x^8\)
\(=-1\)