c) x³ + y³ - 3x - 3y
= (x³ + y³) - (3x + 3y)
= (x + y)(x² - xy + y²) - 3(x + y)
= (x + y)(x² - xy + y² - 3)
d) x³ + 2x²y + xy² - 4x
= x(x² + 2xy + y² - 4)
= x[(x² + 2xy + y²) - 2²]
= x[(x + y)² - 2²]
= x(x + y - 2)(x + y + 2)
a: =x(x-5)
b: =(x-5)^2-y^2
=(x-5-y)(x-5+y)
c: =(x+y)(x^2-xy+y^2)-3(x+y)
=(x+y)(x^2-xy+y^2-3)
d: =x(x^2+2xy+y^2-4)
=x(x+y-2)(x+y+2)